Fast prime lenses come in all focal lengths, from wide angle to ultra-telephoto, but what they share in common is the ability to capture a lot of light, blur backgrounds and offer high optical quality.

Often the second lens that photographers buy, a telephoto zoom effectively allows you to 'get closer' to your subject by enlarging it within the frame. It's therefore useful for photographing such things as sports, wildlife, distant nature scenes, or children running around playing. By narrowing your field of view, a long lens can have the effect of compressing your subject and background, often making it appear as though the background is magnified and closer to your subject.

Driver OptionsThorlabs offers four drivers compatible with this LED ring light: LEDD1B, DC40, UPLED, and DC2200. See the LED Drivers tab for compatibility information and a list of specifications. The UPLED, DC40, and DC2200 drivers are capable of reading the current limit from the EEPROM chip of the connected LED ring light and automatically adjusting the maximum current setting to protect the LEDs. The DC40 LED driver can provide drive currents with up to a 5 kHz modulation when supplied with an external modulation signal. While the DC2200 driver is capable of modulating frequencies up to 250 kHz, the LED ring light must not be modulated at or above 9 kHz.

To fully support the max optical power of the LED you intend to drive, ensure that the max voltage and max current of the driver are equal to or greater than those of the LED.

The first number used to describe a lens is its focal length; in combination with the camera's sensor size, this defines the angle of view covered by the lens, with smaller 'mm' numbers indicating a wider angle or more 'zoomed out' view. Zoom lenses are named using two numbers which indicate the extremes of the range, for example 24-70mm for a typical kit zoom lens. Fixed focal length lenses which don't zoom (also known as 'prime' lenses) just have a single number (e.g. 50mm).

Lensused incameraConcave or convex

Zoom lenses have become almost ubiquitous over the past few years, and at first sight buying a lens which is restricted to a single angle of view might seem pointless. But prime lenses still have some very real advantages; compared to zooms they tend to be smaller and lighter, have faster maximum apertures, and give sharper, cleaner images. These factors make them extremely useful for specific purposes, for example low light shooting or blurred-background portraiture where a large maximum aperture is advantageous.

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As a general rule, the more expensive a lens is, the better built it is likely to be. The kit lenses that come with cameras tend to rather lightweight and plastic in construction. If you spend a bit more, you can get something more durable. Some lenses incorporate environmental seals against dust and water; in general this tends to be towards the top end of the price spectrum, but Pentax and Olympus in particular offer a decent range of mid-priced sealed lenses.

A faster sensor, improved autofocus and video see Nikon's third-gen mid-range full-framer go toe-to-toe against Canon's EOS R6 II and the Sony a7 IV. We feel its all-round ability lifts it to the top of the pile.

Bear in mind that most mirrorless lens systems are still only a few years old, so they may be missing the type of lens you want, for now. That said, the system with most options isn't inherently any better than a smaller system that includes all the lenses you need.Even if you don't have a very specific application that needs specialized lenses (or other accessories) in mind, it's worth doing some research before committing to one system or another. Oh, and once bitten by the lens buying bug, many enthusiasts find it hard to stop; you have been warned...

Short focal length provides wide angle of view and long focal length becomes telephoto, with narrow angle of view.

Image stabilization increases the amount of sharp images you get by correcting vibration caused (usually) by natural hand-shake when shooting without a tripod.

White Light LEDsThis illuminator is a daylight white LED ring featuring a broad spectrum that spans several hundred nanometers; see the table to the right for a typical output spectrum. It has a correlated color temperature 5500 K, which indicates that the color appearance is similar to a black body radiator at the same temperature. In general, warm white LEDs offer a spectrum similar to a tungsten source, while cold white LEDs have a stronger blue component to the spectrum; daylight white LEDs provide a more even illumination spectrum over the visible range than warm white or cold white LEDs. To discuss LED ring lights with other correlated color temperatures or nominal wavelengths, please contact Tech Support.

APS-C - A common sensor format used by interchangeable lens camera manufacturers. APS-C format sensors measure around 24 x 15mm (~360mm²), and this format offers a balance of image quality, size and price in between Four Thirds and 'full-frame.'

Here, we can see this lens' key specifications expressed in terms of its focal length span ('zoom range') which is 18-35mm, and its minimum aperture range, which is F3.5 at 18mm, and F4.5 at 35mm.

The various lens manufacturers all call lens-based optical image stabilization by different names, with corresponding initials in the lens names, so here's what you need to look out for when buying:

Almost counterintuitively, the restrictive nature of using a single focal length can encourage creativity by forcing you to visualize your composition before you shoot. Shooting with primes forces you to think more about what you want to include and exclude from your photo and also makes you consider where you’re standing, and the impact this has on perspective in your image. For instance, a long focal length, shot from a distance can compress your subject and the background, whereas a wide-angle lens placed near your subject will exaggerate the distance between it and the surroundings.

Although modern autofocus is excellent, there is still a huge number of manual focus lenses on the market. These include designs optimized for shooting video and traditional, high-quality designs, through to unusual, specialist lenses that would be near-impossible to make autofocus along with the creations of small companies without the experience (or access to lens mount protocols) to manufacture AF lenses.

Types ofcameralenses pdf

Micro Four Thirds - A mirrorless system founded by Panasonic and Olympus, based around a 17.3 x 13mm sensor (224mm²) format known as Four Thirds. The system allows some very compact camera/lens packages, particularly for very long telephoto lenses. This system includes some high-end video cameras.

Constructed from anodized aluminum, this LED ring light housing features four 4-40 tapped holes that are compatible with our Ø6 mm ER cage rods, allowing for integration with 30 mm cage systems. The housing also features three setscrews on the sides for interfacing with various camera lenses and high-magnification zoom lens systems (as seen in the photo in the bottom right), which can be secured using a 5/64" (2.0 mm) hex key or balldriver. An M60 x 1.0 external thread at the head of the ring light gives the option of attaching various elements such as custom filters or diffusers.

Thorlabs' LED Ring Light Source consists of 40 individual broadband, daylight white LEDs in a ring-shaped array with a Ø0.99" (Ø25.1 mm) clear aperture. By angling the LEDs, this ring light illuminates areas from 50 mm to 300 mm along the emission axis that can then be viewed through the clear aperture, making it ideal for machine vision applications.

If you want a compact camera that produces great quality photos without the hassle of changing lenses, there are plenty of choices available for every budget. Read on to find out which portable enthusiast compacts are our favorites.

Lenses themselves know nothing of the sensor mounted behind them, but different sized sensors change the visual impact of the lens (specifically the focal length and aperture) on the final image.

'Macro' is used to describe a lens with extreme close-focusing ability, which allows you to take photographs of small objects such as insects or flowers. Some zoom lenses use 'macro' in their name to indicate closer-than-usual focusing ability, but true macro lenses tend to have fixed focal lengths. In general, the longer the focal length, the further away you can be from your subject. (Nikon calls these lenses 'Micro' or 'MC' lenses instead, which is technically more accurate.)

Leica has announced the Q3 43, a variant of its full-frame fixed lens compact with a 43mm F2.0 normal lens. We've had the chance to use and test it, to produce an in-depth review.

To get round this, some cameras offer a 'linear' focus response mode, where the focus always moves by the same amount in response to how much you turn the focus ring: letting you practice and anticipate the amount by which you need to turn the ring.

Looking at the lens pages on manufacturers' websites can be a little intimidating for a budding photographer. Lens names often include long lists of letters and numbers, which certainly sound impressive but can also be thoroughly confusing. Luckily you can safely ignore most of them to start off with, and concentrate mainly on just a few factors:

We don't usually test a product for ten years before reviewing it, but after a decade of using the Lowepro Photo Sport 300 AW II on an almost daily basis, Managing Editor Dale Baskin tells us why he loves this pack.

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Zoom lens - A lens whose field of view (described in terms of focal length) can be adjusted, allowing you to zoom-in or out on a subject, to achieve a different composition without changing your position.

What's the best camera for travel? Good travel cameras should be small, versatile, and offer good image quality. In this buying guide we've rounded-up several great cameras for travel and recommended the best.

Ultra-wide angle lenses, tilt-shift lenses and some very expensive lenses designed to be mechanically simple but optically excellent are out there, and are worth considering.

Depth of field - This describes how much of the scene in front and behind the point of focus appears acceptably sharp. An image with shallow depth of field leaves the background (and foreground) appearing blurry and out-of-focus. An image with deep depth of field contains a greater amount (depth) of sharp detail.

The image below shows how the angle of view varies with focal length. In this instance it shows the effect of these lenses mounted on a full-frame camera. The same focal length lenses, mounted on a smaller, APS-C sensor would give a narrower, more cropped-in angle of view, and an even narrower coverage if mounted on a Micro Four Thirds format camera.

Above $2500 cameras tend to become increasingly specialized, making it difficult to select a 'best' option. We case our eye over the options costing more than $2500 but less than $4000, to find the best all-rounder.

What’s the best camera for around $2000? This price point gives you access to some of the most all-round capable cameras available. Excellent image quality, powerful autofocus and great looking video are the least you can expect. We've picked the models that really stand out.

What is a lens on a camerafor photography

For convenient connection to the drivers listed below and on the LED Drivers tab, the LED ring light has a connection cable with an M8 connector; see the Pin Diagram tab for the M8 connector pin information. This LED ring light also features an EEPROM chip which stores information about the LED (e.g., current limit, forward voltage). When controlled by a Thorlabs UPLED, DC40, or DC2200 LED driver, this data can be used to implement smart safety features.

Many modern lenses have no physical connection between the focus ring and the focusing lens elements, as was the case in older SLR and DSLR lenses. Many cameras use this to provide speed-sensitive manual focus, where a quick turn of the focus ring results in a bigger focus jump than a slow movement. This lets you jump quickly to the part of the focus range you want, but can be awkward if you're trying to manual focus while shooting video.

Types ofcameralenses and their uses

It's worth noting that lenses are usually described by their maximum aperture value. When you see an aperture range written on the side of a lens (e.g. F3.5-5.6), those are the maximum aperture values at the wide and long ends of its zoom range, respectively. You can usually reduce the size of the aperture if you need more of your image to be in focus.

Autofocus performance can vary significantly between lenses, and autofocus performance can make a huge difference between capturing the perfect moment at a sports event or social occasion and having a frustrating photographic experience.

Full-frame - A sensor format the same size as a frame of 35mm film - the dominant film format of the 20th and early 21st Centuries. Measures 36 x 24mm (864mm²), giving a significant image quality benefit compared to smaller formats, but resulting in larger, more expensive camera/lens combinations. Despite the name, sensor larger formats do exist, in sizes known collectively as 'medium format'.

The aperture specification of a lens describes how much light it is capable of gathering. Aperture simply means 'hole'; in this context, the hole that lets light pass through the lens and onto your camera's sensor.

Thorlabs also offers a range of unmounted, mounted, collimated, and fiber-coupled LEDs that are designed for a variety of applications, including microscopy, illumination, and measurements. For questions on choosing an appropriate LED and to discuss mounting requirements, please contact Tech Support.

We've traditionally found 35mm (or the equivalent 23mm or 17mm on APS-C or Four Third sensors) to be a pretty good do-everything focal length, in terms of not being too wide or too zoomed-in. An F1.8 maximum aperture can give shallow depth of field and lets you work in low light without the need for flash, while remaining compact and lightweight. Wider-angle and longer focal length primes are also available, as are lenses with even faster maximum apertures (F1.4 and brighter) that typically offer higher quality optics, let you work in lower light and give even shallower depth-of-field to help isolate your subject.

This table lists the common aperture values that are one 'stop' apart: each value lets in twice as much light as the one to its right.

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A standard zoom is a general-purpose lens that covers a range of focal lengths from wide-angle to moderate telephoto. The most obvious example is the kit lens that came with your camera (generally something like an 18-50mm for APS-C or a 24-70mm for full-frame). It offers versatility but can become limiting when you find yourself wanting to get more creative. The kit lens can be upgraded to an optic with more range or a faster F2.8 maximum aperture, with better optical performance, like the Canon RF 24-70mm shown F2.8 below.

What is a lens on a cameranikon

What’s the best camera for around $1500? These midrange cameras should have capable autofocus systems, lots of direct controls and the latest sensors offering great image quality. We recommend our favorite options.

A number of third party manufacturers, including Tamron, Tokina and Sigma make lenses for other makers' lens mounts, with the older DSLR mounts benefiting from the widest support. Sony allows some third-parties to make lenses for its mirrorless E-mount system but Nikon and Canon have, so far, been protective of their new Z and RF mounts, meaning there are fewer third-party options available.

What is a lens on a cameracanon

A camera is nothing without a lens, and while the bundled 'kit' lenses sold with many interchangeable lens cameras (ILCs) are good enough to get started, they're quite limiting. If you want to explore the full potential of your camera – and your own creativity – you should consider adding another lens or two to your collection. But with a bewildering variety of lenses out there, how do you know which ones are right for you?

Longer lenses give less depth of field for the same aperture, when focused at the same distance. And, because you need a shorter focal length to get the same image framing on an APS-C or Micro Four Thirds camera, you'd need a larger aperture if you want to achieve the shallow depth of field you'd get on a full-frame camera.

A lens with a larger maximum aperture allows you to shoot in lower light, and (for example) take pictures indoors without using flash. Wide apertures also give decreased depth of field (i.e. how much of the picture in front of and behind the focus point appears sharp), which is an important aspect of creative photography.

Superzooms are all-in-one lenses which cover a full range of focal lengths from a moderate wide-angle to long telephoto. In one package they combine the range of the kit zoom that came with the camera, plus that of a telephoto zoom, and therefore make perfect general purpose travel lenses. The technical image quality is often not quite as good as two separate lenses, and the maximum aperture tends to be small (a higher F-number), meaning worse low light performance and less ability to achieve shallow depth of field. However, for many users this is more than made up for by their convenience.

One last word. When choosing a camera system to invest in, it's important to appreciate that the lens has just as great an impact on the image quality as the camera. Lenses tend to last longer than cameras too, becoming obsolete less quickly than bodies, so it can be worth spending a little bit extra to get the quality or flexibility you really want. But, while DSLR systems are much more extensive, most new lens development is focused on Mirrorless cameras, so these may prove more future-proof.

Cameralenses Explained for Beginners

Image stabilization systems reduce the blur caused by camera shake, allowing sharp pictures to be taken even in low light, at long focal lengths or at high magnifications.

Long / wide lens - A way of describing the field of view offered by a lens. Long lenses are more zoomed-in, while wide lenses are zoomed-out and capture a wider angle of view.

Each camera maker uses its own proprietary lens mount, meaning that lenses can't be swapped across brands; a Canon lens won't fit on a Nikon body, for example, and you'll cause damage to both lens and camera if you try. The two exceptions are Micro Four Thirds, which was developed jointly by Panasonic and Olympus, and L-mount, a full-frame collaboration between Leica, Panasonic and Sigma.

Fast / slow lens - An informal way of describing a lens' aperture in terms of its relation to exposure time. 'Fast' lenses have large maximum apertures (low F-numbers), which allow the use of shorter, 'faster' shutter speeds. 'Slow' lenses have smaller maximum apertures, and typically require longer, 'slower' shutter speeds.

Angle of view - Describe the view offered by a lens, measured as the angle between the furthest extremes of the lens's coverage. If this is confusing, imagine the view in front of you as a semicircle of 180 degrees: a 'wide-angle' lens can see a bigger segment of the semicircle than a 'long' (telephoto) one.

Prime lens - A lens with a fixed focal length, which cannot zoom in or out. A technical term not to be confused with Amazon Prime.

If you own a camera that doesn't have stabilization built into the body, you'll probably want to consider buying stabilized lenses, especially when it comes to telephotos.

The diagram to the right shows the male connector of the LEDRW40 Ring Light. It is a standard M8 x 1 sensor circular connector. Pins 1 and 2 are the connection to the LED. Pin 3 and 4 are used for the internal EEPROM. If using an LED driver that was not purchased from Thorlabs, be careful that the appropriate connections are made to Pin 1 and Pin 2 and that you do not attempt to drive the LED through the EEPROM pins.

The effect is as is as though you've 'zoomed' the lens, but instead you've only magnified a smaller portion of its projected image. As a result, the focal lengths that are useful on one sensor format will differ from those that you'd use for the same purpose on another sensor.

Some photographers start with an APS-C camera and then buy full-frame compatible lenses for it, to lower the amount of money they have to spend if they later buy a full-frame camera that uses the same mount. In general, we'd advise buying lenses that suit your needs now, rather than ones that may better suit a camera you don't yet own.

Most companies are now focusing their efforts on their Mirrorless camera mounts, so this is where the newest and most advanced lenses are emerging. Many DSLR-mount lenses can be adapted to work on the mirrorless cameras made by the same brand (older designs are less likely to offer a full range of functions) but lenses for mirrorless cameras cannot be used on DSLRs.

What is a lens on a cameraused for

Focal length – Expressed in millimeters, focal length describes the angle of view of a lens. Telephoto lenses have a long focal length, and wide-angle lenses have a short focal length. The longer the focal length, the narrower the angle of view and the more zoomed-in it appears.

35mm / full-frame equivalent - A way of understanding the characteristics of a lens when used on a non-full-frame camera by relating it to the 35mm film format that’s familiar to many photographers. Most commonly used in reference to focal length: e.g a 28mm lens on an APS-C camera is equivalent to a 42mm lens on a full-frame camera.

Using the Backlight Correction feature in your scanning software, you can remove shadows from photos that have too much background light.

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In this guide we'll lead you step-by-step through the process of understanding the different kinds of lenses available, and choosing the right one for your needs.

Among interchangeable lens cameras today there are three commonly-used sensor sizes: Four Thirds, APS-C and full-frame. The examples given in the rest of this article are lenses designed for full-frame bodies but we'll also discuss what impact sensor size will have.

For the sake of convenient comparison, lenses are often referred to by their '35mm equivalent' focal length; for example a 18-55mm kit lens for APS-C may be described as a 28-90mm equivalent. This means simply that an 18-55mm lens on an APS-C format camera covers the same angle of view as a 28-90mm lens does on a full-frame camera.

Mirrorless camera systems are still relatively new, and there's a subtle interplay of optical design and focus motor that effects performance. For instance the ring-type ultrasonic motors that were great for focusing on DSLRs aren't as well suited to focusing on mirrorless cameras, particularly for the smooth, subtle movements required for video autofocus. As such, it's difficult to make generalizations, so it's worth checking reviews of the lens you're planning to buy.

Having said that sensor format has a significant impact on the way lenses behave, it's also worth considering that some lenses only work on certain sensor formats. In several instances, camera makers use the same mount for their APS-C and full-frame cameras. In most of these situations, full-frame lenses will work on the smaller APS-C models, but APS-C lenses end up restricting full-frame cameras to a cropped APS-C mode.

Lens apertures can be expressed in several different ways, with F4, f/4, 1:4 all meaning the same thing. Confusingly, a smaller number means the lens has a larger maximum aperture – a bigger hole – and therefore can gather more light; an F2.8 lens collects twice as much light as an F4, for example.

2022923 — A zoom lens is any lens that varies in its focal distance, such as 11-18mm, 24-70mm, or 24-240mm. Some zoom lenses cover more range than others.

A wide-angle zoom extends the angle of view out beyond that captured with the standard zoom, allowing you to capture broad sweeping vistas or architectural wonders. It's therefore a popular choice for landscapes, cityscapes, architecture, interior shots, and night- and astro-photography.

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This tab includes all LEDs sold by Thorlabs. Click on More [+] to view all available wavelengths for each type of LED pictured below.

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In-body stabilization (where the camera's sensor moves to counteract accidental movement) is increasingly common, but many lenses offer their own stabilization mechanisms to compensate for shake. In-lens stabilization is especially effective when using long telephoto lenses, where in-body stabilization is generally not as effective. Many cameras can use in-lens stabilization in conjunction with their in-body systems, to provide a greater degree of correction.