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Depth of fieldcalculator

The depth of field does not abruptly change from sharp to unsharp, but instead occurs as a gradual transition. In fact, everything immediately in front of or in back of the focusing distance begins to lose sharpness — even if this is not perceived by our eyes or by the resolution of the camera.

Note that depth of field only sets a maximum value for the circle of confusion, and does not describe what happens to regions once they become out of focus. These regions are also called "bokeh," from Japanese (pronounced bo-ké). Two images with identical depth of field may have significantly different bokeh, as this depends on the shape of the lens diaphragm. In reality, the circle of confusion is usually not actually a circle, but is only approximated as such when it is very small. When it becomes large, most lenses will render it as a polygonal shape with 5-8 sides.

In order to calculate the depth of field, one needs to first decide on an appropriate value for the maximum allowable circle of confusion. This is based on both the camera type (sensor or film size), and on the viewing distance / print size combination. Needless to say, knowing what this will be ahead of time often isn't straightforward. Try out the depth of field calculator tool to help you find this for your specific situation.

For macro photography (high magnification), the depth of field is actually influenced by another factor: pupil magnification. This is equal to one for lenses which are internally symmetric, although for wide angle and telephoto lenses this is greater or less than one, respectively. A greater depth of field is achieved (than would be ordinarily calculated) for a pupil magnification less than one, whereas the pupil magnification does not change the calculation when it is equal to one. The problem is that the pupil magnification is usually not provided by lens manufacturers, and one can only roughly estimate it visually.

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On the other hand, when standing in the same place and focusing on a subject at the same distance, a longer focal length lens will have a shallower depth of field (even though the pictures will frame the subject entirely differently). This is more representative of everyday use, but is an effect due to higher magnification, not focal length.

\[B^{m}+A \rightarrow B+A^{*}, \nonumber \] \(A^{*}\) is the excited state used for the stimulated emission. If \(\tau_{m 1}\) is the relaxation time of metastable state \(B^{m}\), then \(\tau_{m 1}\) is very large and hence the spontaneous emission rate is very small. This implies that the number of metastable atoms as function of time \(t\) is given by a slowly decaying exponential function \(\exp \left(-t / \tau_{m 1}\right)\). How can one get metastable atoms? One can for example pump atom B from its ground state 1 to an excited state 3 above state \(\mathrm{m}\), such that the spontaneous emission rate \(3 \rightarrow m\) is large. The pumping can be done electrically or by any other means. If it is done electrically, then we have \[B+e\left(\mathcal{E}_{2}\right) \rightarrow B^{m}+e\left(\mathcal{E}_{1}\right), \nonumber \]

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Relationship betweenfocal lengthanddepth of field

Note that focal length has not been listed as influencing depth of field, contrary to popular belief. Even though telephoto lenses appear to create a much shallower depth of field, this is mainly because they are often used to magnify the subject when one is unable to get closer. If the subject occupies the same fraction of the image (constant magnification) for both a telephoto and a wide angle lens, the total depth of field is virtually* constant with focal length! This would of course require you to either get much closer with a wide angle lens or much farther with a telephoto lens, as demonstrated in the following chart:

Although print size and viewing distance influence how large the circle of confusion appears to our eyes, aperture and focusing distance are the two main factors that determine how big the circle of confusion will be on your camera's sensor. Larger apertures (smaller F-stop number) and closer focusing distances produce a shallower depth of field. The following test maintains the same focus distance, but changes the aperture setting:

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Longer focal lengths may also appear to have a shallower depth of field because they enlarge the background relative to the foreground (due to their narrower angle of view). This can make an out of focus background look even more out of focus because its blur has become enlarged. However, this is another concept entirely, since depth of field only describes the sharp region of a photo — not the blurred regions.

Depth of field also appears shallower for SLR cameras than for compact digital cameras, because SLR cameras require a longer focal length to achieve the same field of view (see the tutorial on digital camera sensor sizes for more on this topic).

Let \(B^{m}\) be atom \(B\) in an excited, so-called metastable state. This means that \(B^{m}\), although unstable, has a very long relaxation time, i.e. longer than \(1 \mathrm{~ms}\) or so. If \(B^{m}\) collides with atom \(A\), it transfers energy to \(A\).

Depth of field vs focal lengthreddit

Why not just use the smallest aperture (largest number) to achieve the best possible depth of field? Other than the fact that this may require prohibitively long shutter speeds without a camera tripod, too small of an aperture softens the image by creating a larger circle of confusion (or "Airy disk") due to an effect called diffraction — even within the plane of focus. Diffraction quickly becomes more of a limiting factor than depth of field as the aperture gets smaller. Despite their extreme depth of field, this is also why "pinhole cameras" have limited resolution.

Note: Depth of field calculations are at f/4.0 on a camera with a 1.6X crop factor,using a circle of confusion of 0.0206 mm.

Depth of field refers to the range of distance that appears acceptably sharp. It varies depending on camera type, aperture and focusing distance, although print size and viewing distance can also influence our perception of depth of field. This tutorial is designed to give a better intuitive and technical understanding for photography, and provides a depth of field calculator to show how it varies with your camera settings.

A different maximum circle of confusion also applies for each print size and viewing distance combination. In the earlier example of blurred dots, the circle of confusion is actually smaller than the resolution of your screen for the two dots on either side of the focal point, and so these are considered within the depth of field. Alternatively, the depth of field can be based on when the circle of confusion becomes larger than the size of your digital camera's pixels.

In some chemical reactions, a molecule is created in an excited state with population inversion. An example is: \[A+B_{2} \rightarrow(A B)^{*}+B \nonumber \] So in this case the lasing will take place for a transfer between states of molecule \(A B\). The HF, DF, Ar-F, Cr-F, Xe-F and Xe-Cl lasers are all chemically pumped.

Energetic electrons are used to collide with the atoms of the amplifier, thereby transferring some of their energy: \[A+e\left(\mathcal{E}_{1}\right) \rightarrow A^{*}+e\left(\mathcal{E}_{2}\right), \nonumber \] where \(e\left(\mathcal{E}_{1}\right)\) means an electron with energy \(\mathcal{E}_{1}\) and where \(\mathcal{E}_{1}-\mathcal{E}_{2}\) is equal to \(\hbar \omega_{02}\) so that the atom is transferred from the ground state to state 2 to obtain population inversion. Examples are the HeNe, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Nitrogen and Copper lasers. Electrons can be created by a discharge or by an electron beam.

Shallowdepth of field

At this viewing distance and print size, camera manufacturers assume a circle of confusion is negligible if no larger than 0.01 inches (when enlarged). As a result, camera manufacturers use the 0.01 inch standard when providing lens depth of field markers (shown below for f/22 on a 50mm lens). In reality, a person with 20/20 vision or better can distinguish features 1/3 this size, and so the circle of confusion has to be even smaller than this to achieve acceptable sharpness throughout.

The key concept is this: when an object is in focus, light rays originating from that point converge at a point on the camera's sensor. If the light rays hit the sensor at slightly different locations (arriving at a disc instead of a point), then this object will be rendered as out of focus — and increasingly so depending on how far apart the light rays are.

Diagram depicting depth of focus versus camera aperture. The purple lines comprising the edge of each shaded region represent the extreme angles at which light could potentially enter the aperture. The interior of the purple shaded regions represents all other possible angles.

Focal lengthanddepth of fieldchart

Depth of field vs focal lengthphotography

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This exposes a limitation of the traditional DoF concept: it only accounts for the total DoF and not its distribution around the focal plane, even though both may contribute to the perception of sharpness. Note how a wide angle lens provides a more gradually fading DoF behind the focal plane than in front, which is important for traditional landscape photographs.

The energy to transfer the atom \(A\) from the ground state to the excited state is provided by light. The source could be another laser or an incoherent light source, such as a discharge lamp. If \(A\) is the atom in the ground state and \(A^{*}\) is the excited atom, we have \[\hbar \omega_{02}+A \rightarrow A^{*} \nonumber \] where \(\omega_{02}\) is the frequency for the transition \(0 \rightarrow 2\) as seen in Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\). The Ruby laser, of which the amplifying medium consists of \(\mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}\) with \(0.05\) weight percent \(\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}\), was the first laser, invented in 1960. It emits pulses of light of wavelength \(694.3 \mathrm{~nm}\) and is optically pumped with a gas discharge lamp. Other optically pumped lasers are the YAG, glass, fiber, semiconductor and dye laser. In the dye laser the amplifier is a liquid (e.g. Rhodamine6G). It is optically pumped by an argon laser and has a huge gain width, which covers almost the complete visible wavelength range. We can select a certain wavelength by inserting a dispersive element like the Fabry-Perot cavity inside the laser cavity and rotating it at the right angle to select the desired wavelength, as explained above.

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When does the circle of confusion become perceptible to our eyes? An acceptably sharp circle of confusion is loosely defined as one which would go unnoticed when enlarged to a standard 8x10 inch print, and observed from a standard viewing distance of about 1 foot.

*Technical Note: We describe depth of field as being virtually constant because there are limiting cases where this does not hold true. For focal distances resulting in high magnification, or very near the hyperfocal distance, wide angle lenses may provide a greater DoF than telephoto lenses. On the other hand, at high magnification the traditional DoF calculation becomes inaccurate due to another factor: pupil magnification. This reduces the DoF advantage for most wide angle lenses, and increases it for telephoto and macro lenses. At the other limiting case, near the hyperfocal distance, the increase in DoF arises because the wide angle lens has a greater rear DoF, and can thus more easily attain critical sharpness at infinity.

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Depth of field vs focal lengthcamera

There are many types of lasers: gas, solid, liquid, semiconductor, chemical, excimer, e-beam, free electron, fiber and even waveguide lasers. We classify them according to the pumping mechanism.

Depth of fieldphotography

Note how there is indeed a subtle change for the smallest focal lengths. This is a real effect, but is negligible compared to both aperture and focusing distance. Even though the total depth of field is virtually constant, the fraction of the depth of field which is in front of and behind the focus distance does change with focal length, as demonstrated below:

Since there is no critical point of transition, a more rigorous term called the "circle of confusion" is used to define how much a point needs to be blurred in order to be perceived as unsharp. When the circle of confusion becomes perceptible to our eyes, this region is said to be outside the depth of field and thus no longer "acceptably sharp." The circle of confusion above has been exaggerated for clarity; in reality this would be only a tiny fraction of the camera sensor's area.

Another implication of the circle of confusion is the concept of depth of focus (also called the "focus spread"). It differs from depth of field because it describes the distance over which light is focused at the camera's sensor, as opposed to the subject:

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Examples of these types of laser are He-Ne, which emits in the red at \(632 \mathrm{~nm}, \mathrm{~N}_{2}\) - \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) and He-Cd. All of these depend on atom or molecule collisions, where the atom or molecule that is mentioned first in the name is brought into the metastable state and lasing occurs at a wavelength corresponding to a level difference of the second mentioned atom or molecule. In the simplest case the metastable states are created by electrons generated by a discharge. The \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) laser emits at \(10 \mu \mathrm{m}\) and can achieve huge power.

In this case pumping is done by electron current injection. It is one of the most compact lasers and yet it typically emits \(20 \mathrm{~mW}\) of power. Transitions occur between the conduction and valence bands close to the \(p-n\) junction. Electrons from the \(n\)-layer conduction band will recombine with the holes in the \(p\)-layer. A cavity is obtained by polishing the end faces that are perpendicular to the junction to make them highly reflecting. Semiconductor lasers are produced for wavelengths from \(700 \mathrm{~nm}\) to \(30 \mu \mathrm{m}\) and give continuous (CW) output.

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