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This is because, as we go from the center of the lens to the corner, the light rays passing through them tend to have more distortion. That is why, in the center part, there is no misplacement of the image, and towards the corner/ends of the image, there is a perceivable amount of distortion.

Infrared is commonly separated into near-, mid- and far-infrared. It can also divide into the following five categories:

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Infrared waves are longer than visible light waves but shorter than radio waves. Correspondingly, the frequencies of IR are higher than microwave frequencies but lower than visible light frequencies, ranging from about 300 gigahertz to 400 terahertz (THz).

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Aberration is the behavior of light that deviates from the expected behavior (expected behavior of light: light rays ideally converge to a single point at the sensor to create a sharp image). Aberration happens due to a flaw in how a lens focuses light rays, which in turn causes distorted images.

British astronomer Sir William Herschel discovered infrared in 1800. Herschel knew sunlight could separate into components, which occurs when light refracts through a glass prism. He then measured the temperatures of the different colors created.

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In the above figure, we can observe that in the corner of the images, the point black spots that need to be converged inside the red circle are displaced. Whereas, in the center of the image, the black spots are converged at the right position and are not misplaced.

Distortion does not cause much information loss compared to other aberrations. It mainly affects only the appearance of the image, which is why distortion is often referred to as a cosmetic aberration. Since there is no loss of information, it can be corrected using mathematical methods to a certain extent.

Barrel distortionexamples

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The pixel on which the green light is projected will already have its own pixel data. When the misplaced green light falls on the same position, the nature of the data at the particular position differs. While sampling these pixels, we get a smudged and inaccurate image. These kinds of distortions cannot be corrected since we cannot subtract the misplaced intensity information from the pixel because the intensity depends on a lot of factors, such as the scene being shot, color, and the distance between the camera lens and the object. So, we cannot determine the intensity that has to be subtracted from the particular pixel to remove chromatic aberration.

A camera lens is a compound lens system built with different kinds of lenses, such as convex, concave, and flat lenses. The ultimate goal of these lenses is to converge the incoming light rays onto a single focus point. That’s why the magnitude of distortion increases as we go from the center of the lens to the corner of it. This is due to the fact that the refraction is high at the corners of the lenses as the lens is more curved, and the incident angle of the light rays also becomes higher. In turn, it results in more distortion at the corners of the images.

Pincushiondistortion lens

However, in case of distortion aberration, we can calculate the misplaced distance (Refer to Figure 2) and map it to remove the distortion. Even so, not all distortions can be removed from an image.

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Barrel distortionglasses

When distortion occurs due to the lens’ large FOV and a particular pixel might get converged with a large area, information is lost. Let us understand this better with the following example (Refer to Figure 4).

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Yes, human eyes can have slight distortion! The curved shape and uneven density create a warped image on the retina. But our brain cleverly corrects for this distortion, giving us a clear picture of the world.

Pincushionbarrel distortion lens

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Our cameras are built with real-world applications in mind to tackle all kinds of imaging artifacts. They come equipped with fine-tuned ISPs to render the highest-quality output images.

Herschel found the temperature increased as the colors progressed from violet all the way to red light. Herschel then went a step further and measured the temperature in the portion beyond the red area. There, in the infrared area, he found the temperature was the highest of all.

Figure 3 shows lateral chromatic aberration. In the figure, all the light rays must be focused at the ‘F focus.’ However, we can see that the light rays with green and red wavelengths are misplaced.

Barrel distortion lensnikon

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Have you ever noticed how straight lines sometimes appear curved near the edges of a wide-angle photo? That’s lens distortion at work! Distortion is a type of aberration that mainly affects the appearance of the light in the image formed.

In networking, wired and wireless operations use infrared light. Remote controls use near-infrared light, transmitted with LEDs, to send focused signals to home-entertainment devices, such as televisions. Fiber optic cables also use infrared light to transmit data.

Barrel distortionminuslens

Infrared has a variety of uses and applications. Some common uses for IR include heat sensors, thermal imaging and night vision equipment.

To understand distortion, we must understand the process of refraction. Refraction is the bending of light due to a change in its speed as it travels from one medium to another. For example, light bends when it passes from air to glass. The angle of refraction (the angle at which the light continues in the new medium) relies on the refractive index of the medium it goes through.

Now, the ‘B’ in Figure 4 represents the distortion scenario where it cannot be corrected, and information is lost. We can see that the pixel P1 samples a very large area. The P1 pixel here samples both the white line and the black line area. The final sample of the pixel turns out to be grey in color. This way, the pixels represent the wrong information which is not present in the scene being captured. These kinds of distortions cannot be corrected using mathematical methods.

Infrared radiation (IR), sometimes referred to simply as infrared, is a region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum where wavelengths range from about 700 nanometers (nm) to 1 millimeter (mm).

In Figure 9, we can see that both lenses have an equal field of view. The first image has more distortion. In the second image, the distortion is reduced, but due to more lenses in the system, internal reflections occur, resulting in a flare in the images.

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In addition, astronomers extensively use infrared to observe objects in space that the human eye can't detect, such as molecular clouds, stars, planets and active galaxies.

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Infrared light is invisible to the human eye, but heat sensors can detect longer infrared waves. Infrared shares some characteristics with visible light, however. Like visible light, infrared light can be focused, reflected and polarized.

Barrel distortionphotography

Lens distortion can be controlled by manipulating the path of the light rays. Introducing additional lens elements and aligning them well can control distortion to some extent. However, this can lead to a more complex design of lens systems, which leads to more internal reflections, causing flare in the images (Refer to Figure 9).

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Distortion is usually perceived as a monochromatic phenomenon. However, distortion does vary with the wavelength of light. As the magnitude of refraction differs with respect to the wavelength of light, and as distortion is also caused primarily by refraction, distortion also depends on the wavelength of light.

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Refraction is the cause of distortion in images taken by cameras. When light rays pass through the lens, their path will differ due to refraction.

Wide-angle lenses (short focal length) tend to exaggerate distortion, bending straight lines outward (barrel distortion). Telephoto lenses (longer focal length) cause less distortion, and can even compress the perspective, making distant objects appear closer together.

In Figure 4, the ‘A’ represents the ideal case, where the black line area is sampled with three pixels marked as P1,2, and 3 in the figure. The white line area is sampled with another three pixels marked as 4,5,6 in the figure. If, due to distortion, these pixel values are misplaced onto some other area of the image, say the next row of black and white lines, we could map it and correct it using mathematical methods.

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We can infer from this that the refraction of light rays passing through the lens can vary depending on their path and the point on the lens that they hit.. Due to this phenomenon, sometimes the details that need to be converged at an expected point get converged at a different point (Refer to Figure 2)

In Figure 1, the light rays undergo refraction while passing through the lens. The lens tries to converge the light rays at a single point called the ‘focal point.’ If we look at the light ray marked as ‘3’, which passes through the center of the lens, we can see that it undergoes a very minimal amount of refraction. Meanwhile, the light rays that pass through the ends of the lens, marked as ‘1’ and ‘5’, undergo the maximum amount of refraction.

Infrared is typically subdivided into multiple spectral regions, or bands, based on wavelength. However, there is no uniform definition of each band's exact boundaries.

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Barrel distortioncorrection

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From the above information, we can infer that distortion is nothing but a geometrical aberration in which the details are misplaced from the expected position to somewhere else. As distortion is just the misplacement of information and not the loss of information, we can correct it. Distorted parts of the image can be mapped and removed using mathematical methods. Whereas, in other kinds of aberrations, such as chromatic aberration, information is lost and cannot be recreated.

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The rate of increase in distortion towards the corner depends upon the cubic field. That is, the rate of distortion varies in the cubic range.

In this blog, we are exploring the causes of distortion, the types of distortion, and their relationship with factors such as wavelength and FOV.

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Differences in distortion caused by different wavelengths of light are represented in terms of the magnitude of misplacement.