M.2 M.2, formerly known as the Next Generation Form Factor (NGFF), is a specification for internally mounted computer expansion cards and associated connectors. M.2 replaces the mSATA standard, which uses the Mini PCIe physical card layout and connectors. It comes in many standard lengths, such as 22110, 2280, 2242, 2230, and 2224. M.2 supports PCIe, SATA and USB interfaces and comes in various widths and lengths. It also has keying notches on the edge connector to designate various interface or PCIe lane configurations. Given the flexibility, M.2 SSDs are not quite well-suited for data center applications. M.2 SSDs lack standardization in terms of form factor, interface, and power requirements. M.2 SSDs are not hot-pluggable, This can be a major inconvenience in a data center environment where servers need to be able to be serviced without downtime.

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Ships today use satellite-based radio navigation, GPS, and other tools to prevent accidents. But back at the beginning of the 19th century, lighthouses guided ships away from rocky shores using an oil lamp placed between a concave mirror and a glass lens to produce a beam of light.

The mirrors were not very effective, though, and the lenses were murky. The light was difficult to see from a distance on a clear night, let alone in heavy fog or a storm.

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mSATA mSATA is a miniaturized SATA drive, hence the name: Mini-SATA. It is a popular format for embedded usage due to its smaller footprint. It has uses the Mini PCIe connector and form-factor, but electrically uses the ubiquitous SATA interface, allowing it to be used in wide variety of platform.

Summary Technology advances increase and improve the choices we do certain things. Over time, changes in form factor, materials, and communications between devices, have created evolutions of using technology from one form to another. The rise of x86 systems in the 1990s over mainframe is a perfect example of how technology affects form factor choices. For many users, SATA SSDs are fast enough to meet their everyday data storage and transfer needs. At a lower price point, they remain an attractive option. On the other hand, at the enterprise level, NVMe is fast becoming the industry standard. With a focus on carrying NVMe into the PCIe 5.0, 6.0 ages and beyond, we’re seeing higher density and performance of data centers.

In 1822 French civil engineer Augustin-Jean Fresnel (pronounced “Frey Nel”) invented a new type of lens that produced a much stronger beam of light. The Fresnel lens is still used today in active lighthouses around the world. It also can be found in movie projectors, magnifying glasses, spacecraft, and other applications.

Fresnel lens

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Storage Interfaces There are 3 more popular interfaces for attaching SSDs to host systems: SATA, SAS, and NVMe. SATA and SAS have long history of being used for storage to support legacy compatibility with HDDs. NVMe SSDs using the PCIe interface are much faster than SATA and SAS SSDs, due to the scalable nature of PCIe lanes and generational speed increases. NVMe is a logical interface and can be carried in many form factors.

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Lesson Summary. Group polarization is the idea that groups tend to make decisions that are more extreme compared to the original thoughts of individual group ...

The shorter the focal length, the closer the lens has to be to the film or sensor to focus. The lens projects light out the back in a cone, so ...

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Apr 18, 2020 — When I want to rotate an image, Fiji gives me three options for interpolation. See screenshot: Other than the usual, be consistent, does ...

Nov 15, 2024 — It also boasts a minimum focusing distance of 12 inches (30 centimeters). A Nikon Z fc camera with a vintage design is shown from the front ...

EFFILUX, a member of the CCS Group, with head office in Paris, specializes in the design, manufacturing and sales of powerful, flexible and easy-to-use LED ...

2.5” The 2.5-inch form factor is the most common deployment of an SSD, and is offered with PCIe (with NVMe), SAS or SATA interfaces. It is typically used in desktops, servers and storage systems built around hard disk drives (HDD). This form factor is commonly associated with the term U.2 and is sometimes referred to as the U.2 form factor. U.2 is defined as compliance with the PCI Express SFF-8639 Module specification. U.3 is built on the U.2 spec and uses the same SFF-8639 connector. It is a “tri-mode” standard, combining SATA, SAS and NVMe support into a single controller. U.3 drives are still backward compatible with U.2, but U.2 drives are not compatible with U.3 hosts.

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Lenticularlens

A clock mechanism, which had to be wound by hand every few hours, was used to revolve the metal frame around the lamps to produce unique light patterns for specific lighthouses. A lighthouse could send out a flash regularly every 5 seconds, for example, or it could have a 10-second period of darkness and a 3-second period of brightness. Captains counted the number of flashes sent out by a lighthouse to calculate their ships’ location.

One member of that committee was Fresnel, who worked for the French civil service corps as an engineer. He had considerable expertise in optics and light waves. In fact, in 1817 he proved that his wave theory—which stated the wave motion of light is transverse rather than longitudinal—was correct. In transverse waves, a wave oscillates perpendicular to the direction of its travel. Longitudinal waves, like sound, oscillate in the same direction that the wave travels.

In optics, aberration is a property of optical systems, such as lenses, that causes light to be spread out over some region of space rather than focused to ...

The ILT800-UVF measures both dose (mJ/cm2) and irradiance (mW/cm2) and includes profiling as a standard feature. The system has a user-friendly interface that ...

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EDSFF The Enterprise and Data Center Standard Form Factor or EDSFF, previously known as the Enterprise and Data Center SSD Form Factor, is a family of SSD form factors for use in data center servers that is being developed by a group of 15 companies working together to address the concerns of data center storage, and is now maintained by SNIA as part of the SFF Technology Affiliate Technical Work Group (SFF TA TWG). ESDFF provides a pure NVMe over PCIe interface. One common way to provide ESDFF connections on the motherboard is through MCIO connectors. Today all the EDSFF family of form factors share the same protocol (NVMe), the same interface (PCIe), the same edge connector (SFF-TA-1002), and the same pinout and functions (SFF-TA-1009).

What Is a Solid-State Drive (SSD)? A solid-state drive (SSD) is a device for storing data on non-volatile memory. SSDs have no moving parts and are known to be smaller, more reliable, often have lower power consumption, and typically have much higher input/output performance than hard disk drives (HDDs) and less latency. The majority of SSDs today use NAND flash as the non-volatile memory to store data. NAND memory is stacked into packages and connected to a controller across various channels to improve performance. SSDs come in multiple capacities, media types, interfaces, form factors, and segments to address the large market for data storage.

Fresnel’s technical achievement is worthy of being named an IEEE Milestone, according to the IEEE History Center, but no one has proposed it yet. Any IEEE member can submit a milestone proposal to the IEEE History Center. The Milestone program honors significant accomplishments in the history of electrical and electronics engineering.

As a boater and general aviation pilot I wouldn't call light houses at all obsolete, they provide additional situational awareness and backup in the event of the failure of other systems such as GNSS (GPS). In Australia at least it was not uncommon to have "lighthouses" at most medium to small aerodromes as an additional aid to navigation although these are slowly disappearing. Within 40NM, I'd still pick an airfield light house over GNSS if I had the choice.

Add-In Card (AIC) An Add-in Card (AIC) is a solid-state device that utilizes a standard card form factor such as a PCIe card. Almost all early NVMe SSDs are HHHL (half height, half length) or FHHL (full height, half length) AIC, which are easy to insert into a PCIe slot of a server. Given the larger physical size, the AIC would typically have larger capacity and potentially higher performance. In addition, the larger size allows for the potential to add computational function to the storage device.

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Spinning drives and fans are the 2 major sources of potential failures inside an otherwise reliable system. Replacing the traditional spinning drives will move the overall system reliability up another grade. Solid-state drives (SSD) are not only more reliable, but generally faster in both ultimate read/write performance as well as access latencies which results to more responsive systems. There is a number of different SSDs, and we’ll quickly go through the major interfaces and form factors.

With increasing angle of incidence (AOI) the central wavelength of a dielectric coating shifts to shorter wavelengths. The example shows a standard HR 1064 nm / ...

Because of increasing complaints from French fishermen and ship captains about the poor quality of the light emanating from lighthouses, in 1811 the French Commission on Lighthouses established a committee under the authority of the Corps of Bridges and Roads to investigate how lighthouse illumination could be improved.

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Fresnel’s analysis of contemporary lighthouse technology found the lenses were so thick that only half the light produced shined through.

He decided he could do better using his wave theory. His design consisted of 24 glass prisms of varying shapes and sizes arranged in concentric circles within a wire cage. The prisms, placed both in front of and behind four oil lamps, replaced both the mirror and the glass lens of the previous method. Prisms at the edge of the circle refract light slightly more than those closer to the center, so the light rays all emerge in parallel. The design could focus nearly 98 percent of the rays generated by the lamps, producing a beam that could be seen more than 32 kilometers away.

Joanna Goodrich is the associate editor of The Institute, covering the work and accomplishments of IEEE members and IEEE and technology-related events. She has a master's degree in health communications from Rutgers University, in New Brunswick, N.J.

FresnelEffect

In 1823 the French Commission on Lighthouses committee approved the use of the Fresnel lens in all lighthouses in France. That same year, the first one was installed in the Cordouan Lighthouse, in southwestern France. The lens eventually was adopted in other countries. By the 1860s, all the lighthouses in the United States had been fitted with a Fresnel lens, according to the Smithsonian Institution.

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Fresnel continued to modify the lens for several years. His final design, which he completed in 1825, could spin 360 degrees and was the first so-called fixed/flashing lens. It produced a fixed light followed by a brilliant flash followed by another fixed light.

If you are interested in submitting a proposal, do so here.The History Center is funded by donations to the IEEE Foundation. For more on the history of lighthouse technology, visit the U.S. National Park Service, Ponce Inlet Lighthouse and Museum, and American Physical Society websites.

As the EDSFF specification evolves, different form factors have been specified to fit various use cases. The EDSFF family includes both E1 form factor, as well as the E3 form factor. The E1.S is a small form factor that fits vertically in a 1U chassis, designed wider than an M.2 to accommodate more NAND flash for increased capacity per drive for greater density. E1.S offers improved flexibility for power, performance, scalability, and thermal efficiency. E1.S is also designed to be hot-pluggable for increased serviceability, which is another benefit over M.2.

I've been looking for the formulas to used to calculate the focal lengths of the different order lights. My understanding is that these are differential equations, but that's as far as I've been able to get (since I can't read French, Fresnel's writings are inaccessible). If anyone has a clue about these formulas, please reply here or email me at

The lenses came in several sizes, known as orders. The largest order, the Hyper-Radial, had a 1,330-millimeter diameter. The smallest, the eighth order, had a 75-mm diameter and could be found in lighthouses on bays and rivers.

With the invention of modern navigational tools, the lighthouse has become largely obsolete for maritime safety. But the lens invented for it lives on in side mirrors used on trucks, solar panels, and photographic lighting equipment.