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Rayleigh scattering can be considered to be elastic scattering since the photon energies of the scattered photons are not changed.

Back in the super wide-angle mode, the P40 Pro Plus and the iPhone 11 Pro seem to be pretty much neck and neck. In this example, I prefer the iPhone 11 Pro's shot; the sky is richer, with more noticeable cloud detail and the wider view it offers has really helped emphasize the mushrooms in the foreground.

In this low-light scene, using night mode on each phone, there's not much to choose between them. The iPhone 11 Pro's shot is the brightest of the three, but the Galaxy S20 Ultra's image is slightly sharper. That said, all three have done a great job of producing clear images in what was an extremely dark room.

Diffraction can occur only when the wavelength of light is comparable to the size of the obstacle or the width of the slit.

The lack of Google services on the phone is certainly a big issue to be aware of and will be a deal-breaker for many. However, unlike with the P40 Pro I've already looked at, the P40 Pro Plus's camera is so impressive that it makes the phone a contender for your attention.

Francesco Grimaldi made the first observation of diffraction in 1665. When light waves were forced to pass through a slit, he observed that they dispersed. Later, it was discovered that diffraction happens everywhere light waves bend around a corner, not just in tiny slits or holes.

The iPhone 11 Pro's version of the shot is also perfectly exposed with plenty of detail. The white balance is slightly different in each shot -- the P40 leans more on the magenta tones -- but not so much that either one looks wrong.

The Rayleigh criterion specifies the minimum separation between two light sources that may be resolved into distinct objects.

And the same is true here. Mushy details and an image that's completely unusable, beyond perhaps some kind of bragging rights, but I doubt even that would get you far. Sure, you could maybe try and zoom in on a celebrity you spotted in the distance, but their face would be so indistinguishable that you wouldn't be able to prove you saw them, no matter how much you boasted. Both these phones take great shots at 10x zoom, but it's not worth pushing it beyond that.

Where λ is the wavelength of the light, n is an integer value, a is slit width and D is the distance of the screen from the slit.

The capacity of an optical instrument to show separate images of very closely placed two objects is called resolving power.

The resolving power of a microscope is the ability of the microscope to show as separate images of two-point objects lying close to each other.

The resolving power of a diffraction grating is defined as its ability to form separate diffraction maxima of two closely separated wavelengths.

Now if the width of each slit is finite, we shall observe a combined effect of diffraction (through each slit) as well as interference pattern as we can see in the figure below.

Now at any point on the screen, the rays reaching from the first and second slit will have a path difference, where ‘b’ is the separation between the center of two slits.

10x optical zoom lensreview

Huawei's P40 Pro Plus is the phone I was waiting for. The company announced the P40 range -- which also includes the base P40 and P40 Pro -- in March and while the P40 Pro proved it can take decent images, it was the Pro Plus that really pushes boundaries with its imagery.

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Based on Rayleigh scattering, the Rayleigh criterion for the diffraction limit is used to define the resolution. It states that two images which are just resolvable when the centre of the diffraction pattern of one is directly over the first minimum of the diffraction pattern of the other.

First up, these neat flowering boots found here in Edinburgh, Scotland. The phone's standard 50-megapixel camera has captured this scene with loads of details, a perfect exposure and spot-on colors.

Atmosphere consists of many different particles and molecules of gases and dirt, suspended or in relative motion. When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, it hits these particles and gets diffracted. This diffraction also scatters light. For example, Light can enter the room through a small hole, get diffracted and fill the room.

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The reciprocal of the smallest angle subtended at the objective lens of a telescope by two-point objects which can be just distinguished as separate is called the resolving power of a telescope.

It's the first phone to come with a 10x optical zoom lens, which lets you get much closer to your subject with little loss in quality. It puts the iPhone 11 Pro's 2x optical zoom to shame. Even the Samsung S20 Ultra's 4x optical zoom can't compete.

It actually has five cameras: a standard 50-megapixel lens, a 40-megapixel ultrawide-angle camera, an 8-megapixel 3x optical zoom, an 8-megapixel 10x optical zoom and a time-of-flight depth-sensing camera.

By comparison, the S20 Ultra's 4x zoom has got a little closer, but the lifted shadow detail on the tree has resulted in this image looking somewhat fake.

A distinctive element of the diffraction pattern is the centre maxima, also referred to as the central fringe. A distinctive element of the diffraction pattern is the centre maxima, also referred to as the central fringe. The secondary minima and maxima, which encircle the centre maxima, are made up of dark and bright lines.

Beyond the great camera, the phone is packed with tons of top tech. The 6.5-inch display stretches right to the edges of the phone for razor-thin bezels, the Kirin 990 processor is a powerhouse and it supports 5G . It's got IP68 waterproofing too, as well as wireless charging, 8GB of RAM and a battery that'll comfortably last a whole day. It's basically got everything you'd expect from a top-end phone in 2020.

But the P40 Pro Plus takes the wide-angle win here as it's been able to keep that bright sky under control, resulting in a much better looking image overall. The iPhone has completely overexposed that sky.

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Switching to the wide-angle camera, the Huawei P40 Pro Plus doesn't provide as wide a view as the iPhone 11 Pro and while the image is sharp, the iPhone's shot is more vibrant.

The most common example of diffraction occurs with water waves that bend around a fixed object. Light bends similarly around the edge of an object.

The same scene on the Galaxy S20 Ultra. The color saturation and contrast have both been lifted a touch, as is usually the case with images taken on a Samsung phone. Otherwise, there's little to separate them.

We hope that the above Physics Optics detailed notes helped you to understand the importance of the Diffraction of Light. Do practice it now on the Testbook App through the free mock tests.

I also got close up on this plane descending to land. It's pretty dark, so I'm a little disappointed the phone hasn't brightened the subject up a bit.

What it doesn't have are Google services, however, due to the ongoing restrictions on Huawei imposed by the US government. That means no Chrome, no Gmail and no Google Play Store for your apps. Huawei does have its own app store with some big names such as Zoom, VLC, Snapchat and TikTok. Various other apps -- including Facebook and WhatsApp -- can be downloaded as apk files from their official websites. Still, those of you who rely on Google's apps would be best shopping elsewhere.

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With both phones shooting at 10x optical zoom, it's clear that in this example, the P40 Pro Plus has underexposed the scene, causing the church to fall too much into shadow. The S20 Ultra's shot still looks a bit fake, but at least the church is clearly visible.

where, λ is the wavelength of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) and D is the diameter of the aperture, lens, mirror, etc., with which the two objects are observed

Now if d is the separation between two slits, N is the number of diffractions grating and θ is some angle for the first maxima then the angular width can be expressed as

There's no question Huawei's phone has got a lot going for it. The zoom would really appeal to those of you hoping to enjoy some garden wildlife photography. But if you're not in a hurry, it's worth waiting a little while after the phone's mid-June sale date to see if that price dips below the S20 Ultra. At the current prices, the Galaxy S20 Ultra is where my money would go.

Diffraction is the slight bending of light as it passes around the edge of an object. The amount of bending depends on the relative size of the wavelength of light to the size of the opening.

A diffraction grating is an extremely useful device, and one of it consists of a large number of narrow slits side by side.

The slits are separated by opaque spaces. When a wavefront is an incident on a grating surface, light is transmitted through the slits and obstructed by the opaque portions. Such a grating is called transmission grating.

But it needs to be cheaper. At 1,399 euros (which converts to £1,250, AU$2,280 or $1,580, although it won't be on sale in the US), it's not an affordable phone. That's a problem, as its nearest rival, the Galaxy S20 Ultra -- which has similar zoom skills, 5G and Google services -- costs less ($1,400, £1,199 and AU$1,999).

At 10x zoom, the statue fills the frame, with great exposure and colors too. The iPhone 11 Pro is simply no competition to the P40 Pro Plus when it comes to zoom.

But it's the zoom skills that push the P40 Pro plus ahead. The iPhone 11 Pro's 2x maximum optical zoom doesn't really bring the statue into focus, while even at 3x on the P40 Pro Plus, it's becoming clearer that there's a figure in the water.

In Young’s double-slit experiment, an interference pattern comprising alternate dark and bright fringes on-screen was observed. However, in that experiment, we have assumed each slit as behaving like a point source thus we did not consider the width of the slit, as a result, no diffraction pattern was observed due to either slit.

On Edinburgh's Calton Hill, the P40 Pro Plus has done a great job of exposing for both the bright sky and the more shadowy areas of the buildings. There is again a slight magenta shift in the white balance, but otherwise it's a cracking shot.

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The 10x zoom on the Huawei is great to play with though. I loved being able to snag this picture of what I'm pretty sure is a great tit. Wildlife photography has never been the realm of phones, due to their inability to get close up on the creatures you're photographing, but the P40 Pro Plus would certainly let you get some cracking shots of the wildlife that visits your garden.

So far I'm very impressed with what the P40 Pro Plus can do. Shots from all its lenses look great and are up there with the best of today's super phones. The zoom really does put it in a league of its own and I'm keen to spend more time seeing what it can really do. I also want to test more of the video functions -- including night mode for video -- as well as the 32-megapixel front-facing camera. Stay tuned for more on the camera.

Although light is typically thought to move in straight lines, when it comes close to a barrier, it tends to bend around the barrier and disperse out. The dispersion of waves as they go through or around a barrier is referred to as diffraction. Diffraction of light, more precisely, happens when a light wave passes by a corner or through an opening or slit that is physically as tiny as, or even smaller than, that light’s wavelength.

As explained above Diffraction of light is the phenomenon of bending light from the sharp corners of a slit or obstacle and spreading into the region of the geometrical shadow.