The SM05AHN Thread Adapter allows SM05-threaded components to be attached directly to the front of a HeNe laser and is ideal for enclosing a HeNe beam path using SM05 Lens Tubes.

The HNLS008L lasers feature a linearly polarized output beam, which is vertically polarized with respect to the rectangular housing, while the HNLS008R features a fluctuating output beam polarization. These lasers are an ideal choice for applications that require low-power or ease of use, such as alignment or the classroom. The lasers have an external 120 V, 230 V (-EC), or 100 V (-JP) wall adapter that plugs into the back of the module. If you require a different adapter plug, please contact Tech Support before ordering.

In addition, as shown to the left, the bottom of the laser contains a groove that accepts our XE25T3 (XE25T3/M) Low-Profile T-Nuts, providing an easy way to use standard optomechanical bases to mount the laser to a breadboard or optical table.

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Electromagnetic Wave Propagation - Electromagnetic waves can be generated by a variety of methods, such as a discharging spark or by an oscillating molecular dipole. Visible light is a commonly studied form of electromagnetic radiation, and exhibits oscillating electric and magnetic fields whose amplitudes and directions are represented by vectors that undulate in phase as sinusoidal waves in two mutually perpendicular (orthogonal) planes. This tutorial explores propagation of a virtual electromagnetic wave and considers the orientation of the magnetic and electric field vectors.

Matthew J. Parry-Hill, Robert T. Sutter, Thomas J. Fellers, and Michael W. Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310.

Linearpolarization

Thorlabs' cylindrical, 10.0 mW, red (632.8 nm) Helium-Neon lasers feature a tube design that makes them easy to mount in nearly any optical system. These lasers are offered with either a linear (500:1 polarization ratio) or fluctuating polarization. The linearly polarized beam is polarized vertically with respect to the cable at the rear of the laser's housing. A built-in interlock circuit is included that can be integrated with lab safety systems (see Interlock Disassembly tab for details). An external power supply and a location-specific power cord are included.

Thorlabs' Self-Contained Helium-Neon Lasers integrate a red (632.8 nm) HeNe laser tube with a built-in voltage transformer. The rectangular housing incorporates a hard-sealed internal mirror and plasma tube design that maximizes the lifetime of the laser. The power cord and on/off rocker switch are located on the back of the housing. Please note that these self-contained lasers do not feature a remote interlock connector or an integrated shutter.

Lasers are categorized into different classes according to their ability to cause eye and other damage. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a global organization that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic, and related technologies. The IEC document 60825-1 outlines the safety of laser products. A description of each class of laser is given below:

Introduction to Polarized Light - The human eye lacks the ability to distinguish between randomly oriented and polarized light, and plane-polarized light can only be detected through an intensity or color effect, for example, by reduced glare when wearing polarized sun glasses. In effect, humans cannot differentiate between the high contrast real images observed in a polarized light microscope and identical images of the same specimens captured digitally (or on film), and then projected onto a screen with light that is not polarized. The first clues to the existence of polarized light surfaced around 1669 when Erasmus Bartholin discovered that crystals of the mineral Iceland spar (more commonly referred to as calcite) produce a double image when objects are viewed through the crystals in transmitted light. During his experiments, Bartholin also observed a quite unusual phenomenon. When the calcite crystals are rotated about their axis, one of the images moves in a circle around the other, providing strong evidence that the crystals are somehow splitting the light into two different beams.

Thorlabs' cylindrical, 5.0 mW, red (632.8 nm) Helium-Neon lasers feature a tube design that makes them easy to mount in nearly any optical system. These lasers are offered with either a linear (500:1 polarization ratio) or fluctuating polarization. The linearly polarized beam is polarized vertically with respect to the cable at the rear of the laser's housing. A built-in interlock circuit is included that can be integrated with lab safety systems (see Interlock Disassembly tab for details). An external power supply and a location-specific power cord are included.

Thorlabs' cylindrical red (632.8 nm) Helium-Neon lasers feature a tube design that makes them easy to mount in nearly any optical system. The HNL210LB outputs a 21.0 mW, linearly polarized beam that is polarized vertically with respect to the cable at the rear of the laser's housing. The HNL225RB model offers a 22.5 mW, fluctuating output polarization. A built-in interlock circuit can be integrated with lab safety systems (see Interlock Disassembly tab for details). An external power supply and a location-specific power cord are included.

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Sir David Brewster (1781-1868) - Sir David Brewster was a Scottish physicist who invented the kaleidoscope, made major improvements to the stereoscope, and discovered the polarization phenomenon of light reflected at specific angles. In his studies on polarized light, Brewster discovered that when light strikes a reflective surface at a certain angle (now known as Brewster's Angle), the light reflected from that surface is plane-polarized. He elucidated a simple relationship between the incident angle of the light beam and the refractive index of the reflecting material.

Thorlabs' cylindrical, 2.0 mW, red (632.8 nm) Helium-Neon lasers feature a tube design that makes them easy to mount in nearly any optical system. These lasers are offered with either a linear (500:1 polarization ratio) or fluctuating polarization. The linearly polarized beam is polarized vertically with respect to the cable at the rear of the laser's housing. A built-in interlock circuit is included that can be integrated with lab safety systems (see Interlock Disassembly tab for details). An external power supply and a location-specific power cord are included.

Polarization of lightequation

Mounting OptionsThe output aperture is internally 5/8"-32 threaded. Our SM1A32 adapter (not included) connects to this aperture and accepts externally SM05-threaded (0.535"-40) or internally SM1-threaded (1.035"-40) optomechanics. Alternatively, the HCL2 FiberPort Adapter allows a FiberPort coupler to be attached directly to the front of the laser, as shown to the right.

Polarization ofwaves

The SM1A32 Thread Adapter allows externally SM05-threaded or internally SM1-threaded optomechanics to be attached to the output aperture of theHNLS008R(-EC)(-JP) or HNLS008L(-EC)(-JP) laser.

Factory packaging protects the HeNe lasers from shocks and vibrations during shipping, but end users directly handle the bare laser housing. Due to this, HeNe lasers are in greater danger of experiencing dangerous stress during handling by the end user.

Safe practices and proper usage of safety equipment should be taken into consideration when operating lasers. The eye is susceptible to injury, even from very low levels of laser light. Thorlabs offers a range of laser safety accessories that can be used to reduce the risk of accidents or injuries. Laser emission in the visible and near infrared spectral ranges has the greatest potential for retinal injury, as the cornea and lens are transparent to those wavelengths, and the lens can focus the laser energy onto the retina.

Polarized Light Virtual Microscopes - When a birefringent material is placed between crossed polarizers in an optical microscope, light incident upon the material is split into two component beams whose amplitude and intensity vary depending upon the orientation angle between the polarizer and permitted vibration directions of the material. Use this link to explore our tutorials on polarized light microscopy.

Polarization of lightnotes PDF

Polarized Light Microscopy -The polarized light microscope is designed to observe and photograph specimens that are visible primarily due to their optically anisotropic character. In order to accomplish this task, the microscope must be equipped with both a polarizer, positioned in the light path somewhere before the specimen, and an analyzer (a second polarizer), placed in the optical pathway between the objective rear aperture and the observation tubes or camera port. Image contrast arises from the interaction of plane-polarized light with a birefringent (or doubly-refracting) specimen to produce two individual wave components that are each polarized in mutually perpendicular planes. The velocities of these components are different and vary with the propagation direction through the specimen. After exiting the specimen, the light components become out of phase, but are recombined with constructive and destructive interference when they pass through the analyzer. Polarized light is a contrast-enhancing technique that improves the quality of the image obtained with birefringent materials when compared to other techniques such as darkfield and brightfield illumination, differential interference contrast, phase contrast, Hoffman modulation contrast, and fluorescence.

The HCL2 Adapter, which features external 5/8"-32 threading, allows a FiberPort coupler to be attached directly to the threaded aperture of our self-contained HeNe lasers or any other 5/8"-32 tapped hole. A slip-plate design allows the position of the fiberport to be shifted and locked to maximize coupling efficiency. FiberPort mounting screws are included.

Polarization of Light - When light travels through a linear polarizing material, a selected vibration plane is passed by the polarizer, while electric field vectors vibrating in all other orientations are blocked. Linearly polarized light transmitted through a polarizer can be either passed or absorbed by a second polarizer, depending upon the electric vector transmission azimuth orientation of the second polarizing material. This tutorial explores the effect of rotating two polarizers on an incident beam of white light.

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Thorlabs offers an extensive selection of CE compliant 632.8 nm (red) Helium-Neon (HeNe) Lasers with powers from 0.8 mW to 22.5 mW from stock. In addition to the applications listed to the right, HeNe lasers are widely used in education and as alignment tools due to their excellent beam quality and gas discharge laser characteristics. Depending upon the model, the output beam is either linearly polarized or the polarization state fluctuates over time. When the output polarization is fluctuating over time, any polarization optics in the path (intentional or unintentional) can cause large variations in the output power. Only polarized lasers should be used in applications that involve polarization optics. For a complete discussion of HeNe laser polarization, see our HeNe Laser Tutorial. Due to the significant amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) background, a bandpass filter should be used for precision measurements.

Polarization of Light (3-D Version) - When non-polarized white light encounters a linear polarizer that is oriented with the transmission azimuth positioned vertically to the incident beam, only those waves having vertical electric field vectors will pass through. Polarized light exiting the first polarizer can be subsequently blocked by a second polarizer if the transmission axis is oriented horizontally with respect to the electric field vector of the polarized light waves. The concept of using two polarizers oriented at right angles with respect to each other is commonly termed crossed polarization and is fundamental to the concept of polarized light microscopy. This tutorial explores the effects of two polarizers having adjustable transmission axes on an incident beam of white light, and enables the visitor to translate the optical train in three dimensions.

A result is that the primary cause of damage to HeNe lasers is rough handling after receipt of the laser. In extreme cases, shock and vibrations can shatter or fracture glass components internal to the laser.

Polarizationexamples

Polarized Light Literature References - A number of high-quality books and review articles on polarized light microscopy have been published by leading researchers in the field. This section contains periodical location information about these articles, as well as providing a listing of selected original research reports and books describing the classical techniques of optical crystallography and polarized light microscopy.

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Each of Thorlabs' HeNe laser sources includes an external power supply with a remote interlock connector. The interlock connector can be disassembled for integration into an interlock system. The interlock is at AC line potential, so proper care must be taken to use the correct connectors and hardware. Be sure to confirm compatibility between the AC line and the interlock system.

Phase contrast microscopy, first described in 1934 by Dutch physicist Frits Zernike, is a contrast-enhancing optical technique that can be utilized to ...

Polarized Light Microscopy Web Resources - Although much neglected and undervalued as an investigative tool, polarized light microscopy provides all the benefits of brightfield microscopy and yet offers a wealth of information, which is simply not available with any other optical microscopy technique. This section is a compendium of web resources focused on all aspects of polarized light microscopy, optical crystallography, and related techniques.

Henri Hureau de Sénarmont (1808-1862) - Sénarmont was a professor of mineralogy and director of studies at the École des Mines in Paris, especially distinguished for his research on polarization and his studies on the artificial formation of minerals. He also contributed to the Geological Survey of France by preparing geological maps and essays. Perhaps the most significant contribution made by de Sénarmont to optics was the polarized light retardation compensator bearing his name, which is still widely utilized today.

Brewster's Angle - Light that is reflected from the flat surface of a dielectric (or insulating) material is often partially polarized, with the electric vectors of the reflected light vibrating in a plane that is parallel to the surface of the material. Common examples of surfaces that reflect polarized light are undisturbed water, glass, sheet plastics, and highways. In these instances, light waves that have the electric field vectors parallel to the surface are reflected to a greater degree than those with different orientations. This tutorial demonstrates the polarization effect on light reflected at a specific angle (the Brewster angle) from a transparent medium.

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Sunlight and almost every other form of natural and artificial illumination produces light waves whose electric field vectors vibrate in all planes that are perpendicular with respect to the direction of propagation. If the electric field vectors are restricted to a single plane by filtration of the beam with specialized materials, then the light is referred to as plane or linearly polarized with respect to the direction of propagation, and all waves vibrating in a single plane are termed plane parallel or plane-polarized.

Specifications common to all of the lasers featured on this page are listed in the table to the right, and model-dependent information is given in the tables below. All but the self-contained packages feature remote interlock connections and integrated shutters. Please see the Interlock Disassembly tab for integrating the remote interlock connector into an interlock or lab safety system.

The HCL FiberPort Adapter allows a FiberPort coupler to be attached directly to the front of a HeNe laser. Both adapters can be attached to the laser via counterbored slots that fit industry-standard M3 and 4-40 four-bolt patterns. The HCL can also be mounted via the internal C-Mount-Threaded (1.00"-32) central bore.

Circularly polarizedlight

Figure 1: The external housing of HeNe lasers is mechanically coupled to the components of the lasing cavity. Stress applied to the external housing can misalign and potentially fracture lasing cavity components, which can negatively impact the quality and power of the output laser beam (red arrow) or lead to laser failure

Edwin Herbert Land (1909-1991) - The founder of the Polaroid Corporation, Edwin Herbert Land was an American inventor and researcher who dedicated his entire adult life to the study of polarized light, photography and color vision. Perhaps Land's most famous contribution to science, however, was his development of instant photography. The invention was inspired by his three-year old daughter when she asked him why she could not instantly see a picture he had just taken of her on vacation. The one-step dry photographic process took Land three years to perfect, but his success was phenomenal.

To maintain the optimum performance of your HeNe laser, do not drop it, never use force when inserting it into fixture, and use care when installing it into mounts, securing it using cage components or ring accessories that grip the housing, transporting it, and storing it.

Polarized and unpolarizedlight

Never apply a bending force to the laser housing. Stress applied to the laser's external housing can misalign or damage components in the laser cavity. This can:

Max Berek (1886-1949) - Max Berek was a German physicist and mathematician, associated with the firm of E. Leitz, who designed a wide spectrum of optical instruments, in particular for polarized light microscopy and several innovative camera lenses. Professor Berek is credited as the inventor of the Leica camera lens system at their Wetzlar factory.

Double Refraction (Birefringence) in Iceland Spar - The first clues to the existence of polarized light surfaced around 1669 when Erasmus Bartholin discovered that crystals of the mineral Iceland spar (more commonly referred to as calcite) produce a double image when objects are viewed through the crystals in transmitted light. This interactive tutorial simulates viewing of a ball-point pen and a line of text through a crystal of Iceland spar, producing a double image.

Shinya Inoué (1921-Present) - Shinya Inoué is a microscopist, cell biologist, and educator who has been described as the grandfather of modern light microscopy. The pioneering microscopist heavily influenced the study of cell dynamics during the 1980s through his developments in video-enhanced contrast microscopy (VEC), which is a modification of the traditional form of differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. Inoué also made significant contributions to the investigation of biological systems with polarized light microscopy. His seminal work, "Video Microscopy," was published in 1986, and a second revised and updated edition, co-authored with Kenneth Spring, followed in 1997. The book is a cornerstone of microscopical knowledge and is highly regarded throughout the scientific community.

The 100 - 240 VAC external power supply that comes with our cylindrical HeNe lasers uses a simplified interlock connector that includes a black, plastic cover that can be unscrewed. Once unscrewed, the shorting conductor on the connector is removed prior to integration into the interlock system (see image to the right).

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Polarization of lightin physics

Polarized Light Waveforms - The ordinary and extraordinary light waves generated when a beam of light traverses a birefringent crystal have plane-polarized electric vectors that are mutually perpendicular to each other. In addition, due to differences in electronic interaction that each component experiences during its journey through the crystal, there is usually a phase shift that occurs between the two waves. This interactive tutorial explores the generation of linear, elliptical, and circularly polarized light by a pair of orthogonal light waves (as a function of the relative phase shift between the waves) when the electric field vectors are added together.

Nicol Prisms - Several versions of prism-based polarizing devices were once widely available, and these were usually named after their designers. The most common polarizing prism (illustrated in the tutorial window) was named after William Nicol, who first cleaved and cemented together two crystals of Iceland spar with Canada balsam in 1829. Nicol prisms were first used to measure the polarization angle of birefringent compounds, leading to new developments in the understanding of interaction between polarized light and crystalline substances. This interactive tutorial explores the generation of orthogonal or mutually perpendicular (ordinary and extraordinary) waves as the result of light transmission through a Nicol prism.

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Thorlabs' cylindrical, 15.0 mW, red (632.8 nm) Helium-Neon lasers feature a tube design that makes them easy to mount in nearly any optical system. These lasers are offered with either a linear (500:1 polarization ratio) or fluctuating polarization. The linearly polarized beam is polarized vertically with respect to the cable at the rear of the laser's housing. A built-in interlock circuit is included that can be integrated with lab safety systems (see Interlock Disassembly tab for details). An external power supply and a location-specific power cord are included.

Douglas B. Murphy - Department of Cell Biology and Microscope Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 107 WBSB, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.

For specialized applications, Thorlabs offers a Stabilized Red HeNe Laser, which is capable of either ±2 MHz stabilization in frequency stabilization mode, or ±0.2% power stabilization in intensity stabilization mode.