The projection lens magnification is fixed. Different views of measured pieces often require different magnifications. However, the usual projector factory configuration is with a single lens, so according to needs, additional lenses may be purchased and used.

The terms monocular, binocular, and trinocular refer to the different types of microscope heads, each offering a distinct way of viewing the specimen.

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Uses two separate optical paths with two objective lenses to provide a stereoscopic (3D) view of larger, opaque specimens.

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The idea of mixing optics and measurement, and the use of the term comparator for metrological equipment, had existed in other forms prior to Hartness's work; but they had remained in realms of pure science (such as telescopy and microscopy) and highly specialized applied science (such as comparing master measuring standards). Hartness's comparator, intended for the routine inspection of machined parts, was a natural next step in the era during which applied science became widely integrated into industrial production.

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A specimen is a sample or example used for scientific study. It can be anything from biological tissues to materials, examined under a microscope or other instruments for analysis.

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Magnification works by bending light through lenses or using digital technology to enlarge the appearance of an object, allowing for detailed observation and analysis.

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For the simplest type of profile projector, the part's inverted image, also known as its mirror image, will be displayed on the screen. In order to facilitate the measurement, sometimes a plus-image system is deliberately added, changing the inverted image into a positive one, which increases the cost due to scale/material used, while somewhat reducing its measurement accuracy.

The measuring happens in any of several ways. The simplest way is that graduations on the screen, being superimposed over the silhouette, allow the viewer to measure, as if a clear ruler were laid over the image. Another way is that various points on the silhouette are lined up with the reticle at the centerpoint of the screen, one after another, by moving the stage on which the part sits, and a digital read out reports how far the stage moved to reach those points. Finally, the most technologically advanced methods involve software that analyzes the image and reports measurements. The first two methods are the most common; the third is newer and not as widespread, but its adoption is ongoing in the digital era.

The first commercial comparator was developed by James Hartness and Russell W. Porter.[2] Hartness' long-continuing work as the Chairman of the U.S.'s National Screw-Thread Commission led him to apply his familiarity with optics (from his avocations of astronomy and telescope-building) to the problem of screw thread inspection. The Hartness Screw-Thread Comparator was for many years a profitable product for the Jones and Lamson Machine Company, of which he was president.

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A phase contrast microscope is an optical microscope designed to enhance the contrast of transparent and colorless specimens without the need for staining. It works by exploiting differences in the refractive index of different parts of the specimen, transforming these differences into variations in light intensity.

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A binocular microscope head utilizes two eyepieces for simultaneous viewing with both eyes, providing enhanced comfort, depth perception, and superior image quality. Ideal for professional and research settings requiring detailed observation, its design minimizes eye strain and enhances ergonomic support compared to monocular microscopes.

The projector magnifies the profile of the specimen, and displays this on the built-in projection screen. [4] On this screen there is typically a grid that can be rotated 360 degrees so the X-Y axis of the screen can be aligned with a straight edge of the machined part to examine or measure. This projection screen displays the profile of the specimen and is magnified for better ease of calculating linear measurements. An edge of the specimen to examine may be lined up with the grid on the screen. From there, simple measurements may be taken for distances to other points. This is being done on a magnified profile of the specimen. It can be simpler as well as reduce errors by measuring on the magnified projection screen of a profile projector. The typical method for lighting is by diascopic illumination, which is lighting from behind. This type of lighting is also called transmitted illumination when the specimen is translucent and light can pass through it. If the specimen is opaque, then the light will not go through it, but will form a profile of the specimen. Measuring of the sample can be done on the projection screen. A profile projector may also have episcopic illumination (which is light shining from above). This is useful in displaying bores or internal areas that may need to be measured.

The profile projector is widely used for complex-shape stampings, gears, cams, threads and comparing the measured contour model. The profile projector is hence widely used in precision machinery manufacturing, including aviation, aerospace industry, watches and clocks, electronics, instrumentation industry, research institutes and detection metering stations at all levels, etc.

As for selection of screen size, one should carefully consider whether the entire part must be imaged on the screen. If the inspection can readily be done at a modest scale, there is no need for a larger screen. Projector manufacturers offer multiple screen sizes to meet various needs.

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Navigate effortlessly through magnification levels and focus adjustments. Our microscopes feature intuitive controls, allowing you to concentrate on your research without the hassle of complicated settings.

A stereo microscope, also known as a stereoscopic or dissecting microscope, provides three-dimensional viewing of larger, opaque specimens through dual optical paths with objective lenses. It offers lower magnification (typically 5x to 40x) than compound microscopes but enhances depth perception. Ideal for tasks in biology, geology, and manufacturing, it allows comfortable, extended viewing with ergonomic adjustments.

Compound microscopes are suited for detailed examination of microscopic structures, while stereo microscopes are more appropriate for observing larger objects in three dimensions and for tasks that involve manipulation and dissection.

In subsequent decades optical comparators have been made by many companies and have been applied to the inspection of many kinds of parts. Today they may be found in many machine shops.[3]

A darkfield microscope is a type of optical microscope that provides high contrast images of unstained specimens by using scattered light. The specimen appears bright against a dark background

Capable of high magnification, which is achieved through the combination of the objective lens (typically 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x) and the eyepiece (usually 10x).

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Witness the microscopic world in stunning detail with our high-quality optics. Every slide comes to life with crystal-clear clarity, allowing you to delve into the intricacies of biology, chemistry, and beyond.

A monocular microscope head is a basic type of microscope head with a single eyepiece, ideal for cost-effective and straightforward applications. It is particularly useful in educational settings and for beginners, but it can lead to eye strain over long periods and lacks the depth perception provided by more advanced binocular and trinocular heads.

The work table is used to place and hold the measured piece. Its own volume, X, Y travel and carrying capacity are critical. Meanwhile, for the convenience of holding the workpiece, a precision rotary table, a V-block part holder and other accessories are generally added. Also, the projector must have a flexible and stable focusing mechanism and large working distance (the top surface of the workpiece relative to the lens pitch). The user selects appropriate data processing modes: without exception, all modern optical measuring projectors on market have been digitized. We will therefore also consider relevant data-processing capabilities.

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Compound Magnification is calculated by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the eyepiece.

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A trinocular microscope head combines the benefits of binocular viewing with the capability to capture digital images or videos of specimens. It is particularly suited for advanced research, educational purposes, and industrial applications where precise imaging and documentation are essential.

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Magnification is the process of enlarging the appearance of an object, making it look bigger than its actual size. In optics, it is the ratio of the size of the image produced by a lens or microscope to the actual size of the object being viewed.

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A Compound Microscope is a type of optical microscope that uses multiple lenses to magnify small objects. It consists of two sets of lenses: the objective lens, which is closer to the specimen and provides the initial magnification, and the eyepiece lens, which further magnifies the image for the viewer's eye. Light passes through the specimen and is magnified by the objective lens, then further magnified by the eyepiece lens, resulting in a highly magnified image visible to the observer. Compound microscopes are commonly used in biology, medicine, and other scientific fields for viewing cells, tissues, and other small structures.

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Microscope objectives are vital lenses that determine the magnification, resolution, and quality of the images produced by a microscope. They come in various types and magnifications, each suited for different applications and levels of detail, making them indispensable in scientific research, medical diagnostics, and educational settings.

Used in fields like biology, geology, entomology, electronics assembly, and manufacturing for tasks requiring manipulation and examination of objects in three dimensions.

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An optical comparator (often called just a comparator in context) or profile projector is a device that applies the principles of optics to the inspection of manufactured parts. In a comparator, the magnified silhouette of a part is projected upon the screen, and the dimensions and geometry of the part are measured against prescribed limits. It is a useful item in a small parts machine shop or production line for the quality control inspection team.

Commonly used in biological research, medical diagnostics, and educational settings for detailed examination of specimens.

Illuminate your subjects with brilliance. Our microscopes feature advanced lighting technologies, providing the perfect balance for optimal observation, even in low-light conditions.

Provides high magnification (up to 1000x or more) and high resolution for viewing fine details of cells, tissues, and microorganisms.

A microscope is a scientific instrument used to magnify and observe objects that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. It works by focusing light or electrons to create an enlarged image of the specimen.