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There are quite a few unique terms used in optics, and understanding these is crucial if you're studying the physics of lenses.

Essentially, lenses work by bending light rays that pass through them through refraction, but this basic point can be implemented in different ways that varies according to the lens type. Luckily, the basics of such lenses are easy to understand when you learn a little more about how they work.

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Several days after the deal was made, Shigeru Miyamoto explained why Illumination was chosen for the project over other animation companies, saying he had been interested in producing an animated film for quite some time and, contrary to popular belief, making a movie and making a game are completely different procedures. Miyamoto wanted someone with experience in the film industry to co-produce the film, and after talking with numerous directors and producers, he was introduced to Illumination through Universal Parks & Resorts, with whom Nintendo was making a theme park. Miyamoto also stated that when he began talks with Chris Meledandri, the latter read numerous interviews about him and felt that they had a similar approach in creation. Miyamoto described Meledandri as having experience in the field of animation beyond Illumination, having been executive producer of Ice Age and other animated projects for 20th Century Fox, as well as being "extremely cost-conscious and time-conscious in his quest to make successful movies." Miyamoto also mentioned that Nintendo and Illumination had mutually agreed to call the deal off if neither company could come up with an interesting premise, but he also noted that the screenplay had been hashed out a number of times and discussions were in progression, hoping to provide more information once the schedule had been ironed out.[3]

You encounter lenses every day. Whether it's the lens on your cell phone camera, the lenses on the eyeglasses or contact lenses you use to see clearly, magnifying glasses, microscopes, telescopes or something else entirely, the physics of lenses explains how a simple piece of glass can be used to magnify, minimize or bring images into focus for any purpose.

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Ray diagrams are an extremely useful tool in optics, and they are used to find the location where an image will be formed based on the location of the object and the lens. By drawing some key light emerging from an object and marking their path as they pass through the lens, the point where they meet is where the image will be formed.

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Illumination's films are made on relatively smaller budgets compared to those of competing animation companies, usually rounding to $70 million. Nevertheless, Illumination has proven to be financially successful in spite of usually mixed critical reception. France-based Mac Guff, which Illumination acquired in 2012, provides the animation for most of its films.

On November 6, 2018, Meledandri said that he was glad the 1993 film Super Mario Bros. was not well-received, citing the primary reason being that the producers did not involve Nintendo, whereas Illumination was "embracing" Miyamoto and keeping him "front and center" in the film's creation. He said that Illumination's Super Mario film was in "priority development" and hoped that it would be released by 2022. Meledandri also noted that developing a Super Mario film is "an ambitious task," citing the challenge of adding depth to Super Mario that would simultaneously compromise generations of fans and feel organic to its iconography as well as supporting a three-act structure.[4][5] The movie was later delayed to spring 2023, with release dates of April 7, 2023 in North America (later changed again to April 5) and April 28, 2023 in Japan.[6]

Other examples are telephoto lenses, which have very long focal lengths and are intended to capture subjects that are far away, and macro lenses that are intended to focus at very close ranges and either produce life-size or magnified versions of objects.

Illumination logoDespicable Me 4

A follow-up to The Super Mario Bros. Movie was announced on March 10, 2024 (on Mario Day), and is set to be released on April 3, 2026, in the United States and many other regions.[8]

Illumination (formerly Illumination Entertainment) is an American animation company that is owned by Universal Pictures, itself a division of the NBCUniversal division of Comcast. Founded in Santa Monica, California by Chris Meledandri, Illumination is famous for creating the Despicable Me franchise, with the Minions from that franchise being the company's mascots. Other notable movies include The Secret Life of Pets, Sing, an adaption of The Lorax, and an adaption of The Grinch, the latter two based on popular books by Dr. Seuss.

A virtual image is different: when the rays diverge from a lens, their orientation makes it look like they came from the location of the virtual image. In other words, if you follow the refracted rays backwards but only following straight lines, they'll all converge at the location of the virtual image. However, light rays don't physically converge at this location, and if you placed a screen there, you wouldn't see an image.

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The image produced by the lens can be real or virtual. For a real image, the light rays converge to form an image at a specific location, and you could see that image if you placed a screen at that location. In the human eye and the region behind a camera lens, photosensitive cells or materials are used to pick up this image.

A prime lens is a basic lens with a fixed focal length, and a zoom lens has a variable focal length, so you don't have to physically change your location to get something in focus. A wide-angle lens is a type of lens with a very small focal length that dramatically increases the field of view, and a fisheye lens is essentially an extreme version of a wide angle lens.

Both contact lenses and eyeglasses correct this in the same way – by adding an additional corrective lens to make the effective focal length of your eye match the distance to your retina – but there are differences because contact lenses sit directly on your eyes. In a contact lens, the lens doesn't need to cover as much space (it only needs to be big enough for your pupil at its maximum dilation) and can achieve this with less material. For eyeglasses lenses, the lens needs to cover a much larger area and is thicker as a result.

A camera lens is one of the most familiar types of lenses you encounter on a daily basis, and these come in many different types, although they all share the same basic principles of operation outlined previously.

The Illumination logo shown at the start of The Super Mario Bros. Movie depicts a Minion attempting to drive a kart themed after Gru as the countdown from Mario Kart 8 is heard while the logo lights up, but the Minion fails to get the kart started, much to his frustration. He then hits the kart with his fist, suddenly causing him to blast offscreen, shouting the company's name.

Johnson, Lee. (2019, December 5). Lens (Physics): Definition, Types & How They Work. sciencing.com. Retrieved from https://www.sciencing.com/lens-physics-definition-types-how-they-work-13722365/

On January 31, 2018, during a financial briefing, Nintendo announced that Illumination would be producing an animated Super Mario film co-produced by Chris Meledandri and Shigeru Miyamoto, marking Illumination's first film based on an existing intellectual property to not be an adaptation of a Dr. Seuss book. The title was revealed to be The Super Mario Bros. Movie in a teaser trailer released on October 6, 2022,[1] and the film was initially released on April 5, 2023. A follow-up was announced on March 10, 2024 (on Mario Day), and is set to be released on April 3, 2026.[2]

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In short, the law says that if you're going from a lower refractive index substance to a higher one (e.g., from air to glass), the light ray is deflected towards the "normal" to the surface (i.e., towards the direction perpendicular to the surface at that point) and that the opposite is true for light rays going from a higher refractive index material to a lower one.

The Super Mario Bros. Movie would go on to become Illumination's highest-grossing film, surpassing Minions, which previously held the record.[7]

A lens is a piece of transparent material that is shaped so as to cause light rays to bend in a specific way as they pass through it, whether that means making the rays converge to a specific point or to diverge as if from a specific point. The material used could be a piece of glass or plastic, and the shape of the lens determines whether it causes light rays to converge or diverge. The word "lens" comes from the Latin word for "lentil," due to the similarity in shape between a converging lens and the legume.

The actual bending of light rays produced by a lens occurs because the lens material has a different index of refraction than the surrounding air. This behavior is described by Snell's law for refraction, which relates the different in angle between the incident and refracted light ray to the indices of refraction for the two materials.

This process can be done using Snell's law of refraction, but a few tricks can simplify the process too. For example, a ray that passes through the center of the lens is barely deflected at all, and one that strikes the lens perpendicular to the optical axis is refracted to pass through the focal point for the lens.

Johnson, Lee. Lens (Physics): Definition, Types & How They Work last modified August 30, 2022. https://www.sciencing.com/lens-physics-definition-types-how-they-work-13722365/

Other common types of lenses are eyeglasses lenses or the contact lens, and both of these work to correct the problems with your vision. If you're "nearsighted," this means your eye lenses create images in front of the light-sensitive retina in your eye, and so you need diverging (concave) lenses to move the image further back.

• The focal point is the point where parallel rays converge when after passing through a lens. • The focal length of a lens is the distance from its center to the focal point, essentially defining the "bending power" of a lens. • The optical axis is the line of symmetry for the lens. • A light ray is an approximation of the path of light, where straight lines are used to represent the motion of light waves (or photons). Every point on an object produces light rays in every possible direction, but usually a few specific rays are chosen to determine the location of the resulting image. • An optical lens is a single piece of material designed to cause light rays to converge (convex lens) or diverge (concave lens). • A biconvex lens is a simple optical lens with two convex sides (producing the lentil-like shape that gave lenses their name), sometimes called a convex-convex lens and having a positive focal length by definition. They're used in magnifying glasses, telescopes, microscopes and even the human eye. • The depth of field describes the range of distances at which objects are in focus when viewed through a lens, and is common terminology in photography in particular. Since the light sensors in cameras are of a fixed size, if the image is slightly unfocused but the amount of error is sufficiently small, it won't actually register as out of focus. This range of focus is the depth of field. • The prime lens is a lens used in photography with a fixed focal length, as opposed to zoom lenses where the focal length can be changed. In other contexts, though, prime lens can be used to mean the primary lens in a system composed of multiple lenses.

Johnson, Lee. "Lens (Physics): Definition, Types & How They Work" sciencing.com, https://www.sciencing.com/lens-physics-definition-types-how-they-work-13722365/. 5 December 2019.

If you're "farsighted," the lenses in your eyes would produce an image further back than your retinas, so you need converging lenses to correct this issue.