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Beppu, S., Kasai, K., Yoshida, M. & Nakazawa, M. 2048 QAM (66 Gbit/s) single-carrier coherent optical transmission over 150 km with a potential SE of 15.3 bit/s/Hz. Opt. Express 23, 4960–4969 (2015).

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Mach-Zehnder modulator

Zhu, S., Lo, G. Q. & Kwong, D. L. Theoretical investigation of silicon MOS-type plasmonic slot waveguide based MZI modulators. Opt. Express 18, 27802–27819 (2010).

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Green, W. M., Rooks, M. J., Sekaric, L. & Vlasov, Y. A. Ultra-compact, low RF power, 10 Gb/s silicon Mach–Zehnder modulator. Opt. Express 15, 17106–17113 (2007).

Polarized light is a contrast-enhancing technique that improves the quality of the image obtained with birefringent materials when compared to other ...

Han, Z. et al. On-chip detection of radiation guided by dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides. Nano Lett. 15, 476–480 (2015).

Reed, G. T., Mashanovich, G., Gardes, F. Y. & Thomson, D. J. Silicon optical modulators. Nature Photon. 4, 518–526 (2010).

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C.H. conceived the concept, designed and fabricated the modulator, designed and performed the experiments, analysed the data and wrote the paper. W.H. installed and optimized the poling process, fabricated the devices, designed and performed the experiments and evaluated the data. Y.F. conceived the concept, designed the fabrication process, fabricated the modulator and wrote the manuscript. J.N. conceived the concept, designed the modulator and wrote the manuscript. A.M. conceived the concept. D.L.E. and L.R.D. developed and synthesized the DLD-164 nonlinear chromophore. B.B., A.J. and D.H. performed the data transmission experiment. Y.S. performed the bandwidth characterization, retrieved the electrical properties and wrote the manuscript. U.K. and C.H. performed and evaluated the ellipsometry experiment. A.E., F.D. and L.J. provided support for the design of the modulator. M.K. developed the concept. C.H. and J.L. conceived the concept, designed the experiment and wrote the manuscript.

Mach-Zehnder interferometer

what is usb camera,A USB camera, also known as a USB webcam or simply a webcam, is a digital camera that connects to a computer via a Universal Serial Bus ...

Tang, Y., Peters, J. D. & Bowers, J. E. Over 67 GHz bandwidth hybrid silicon electroabsorption modulator with asymmetric segmented electrode for 1.3 µm transmission. Opt. Express 20, 11529–11535 (2012).

Mach-Zehnder interferometer optical fiber

Leuthold, J. et al. Silicon–organic hybrid electro-optical devices. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron 19, 114–126 (2013).

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Haffner, C., Heni, W., Fedoryshyn, Y. et al. All-plasmonic Mach–Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication at the microscale. Nature Photon 9, 525–528 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.127

Cai, W., White, J. S. & Brongersma, M. L. Compact, high-speed and power-efficient electrooptic plasmonic modulators. Nano Lett. 9, 4403–4411 (2009).

Liu, J. et al. Waveguide-integrated, ultralow-energy GeSi electro-absorption modulators. Nature Photon. 2, 433–437 (2008).

mach-zehnder interferometer pdf

C. Haffner, W. Heni, Y. Fedoryshyn, J. Niegemann, B. Baeuerle, Y. Salamin, A. Josten, U. Koch, C. Hoessbacher, F. Ducry, L. Juchli, A. Emboras, D. Hillerkuss, C. Hafner & J. Leuthold

Optical modulators encode electrical signals to the optical domain and thus constitute a key element in high-capacity communication links1,2. Ideally, they should feature operation at the highest speed with the least power consumption on the smallest footprint, and at low cost3. Unfortunately, current technologies fall short of these criteria4. Recently, plasmonics has emerged as a solution offering compact and fast devices5,6,7. Yet, practical implementations have turned out to be rather elusive. Here, we introduce a 70 GHz all-plasmonic Mach–Zehnder modulator that fits into a silicon waveguide of 10 μm length. This dramatic reduction in size by more than two orders of magnitude compared with photonic Mach–Zehnder modulators results in a low energy consumption of 25 fJ per bit up to the highest speeds. The technology suggests a cheap co-integration with electronics.

Dionne, J. A., Diest, K., Sweatlock, L. A. & Atwater, H. A. PlasMOStor: a metal-oxide-Si field effect plasmonic modulator. Nano Lett. 9, 897–902 (2009).

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Pile, D. F. P. et al. Two-dimensionally localized modes of a nanoscale gap plasmon waveguide. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 261114 (2005).

Xu, Q., Schmidt, B., Pradhan, S. & Lipson, M. Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator. Nature 435, 325–327 (2005).

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This work was carried out in the Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center as well as in the FIRST lab cleanroom facility of ETH Zurich. EU project NAVOLCHI (288869) and the National Science Foundation (grant DMR-1303080) are acknowledged for partial funding of this project.

Mach-Zehnder interferometer experiment

Elder, D. L., Benight, S. J., Song, J., Robinson, B. H. & Dalton, L. R. Matrix-assisted poling of monolithic bridge-disubstituted organic NLO chromophores. Chem. Mater. 26, 872–874 (2014).

Dong, P. et al. Monolithic silicon photonic integrated circuits for compact 100+Gb/s coherent optical receivers and transmitters. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 20, 150–157 (2014).

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Chang, F., Onohara, K. & Mizuochi, T. Forward error correction for 100 G transport networks. IEEE Commun. Mag. 48, S48–S55 (2010).

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2024114 — FOV. The field of view observes your optical device that captures the scene's width. In FOV, your action camera covers the maximum area by ...

Kinsey, N., Ferrera, M., Shalaev, V. M. & Boltasseva, A. Examining nanophotonics for integrated hybrid systems: a review of plasmonic interconnects and modulators using traditional and alternative materials. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 32, 121–142 (2015).

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Dong, P., Xie, C., Chen, L., Fontaine, N. K. & Chen, Y.-K. Experimental demonstration of microring quadrature phase-shift keying modulators. Opt. Lett. 37, 1178–1180 (2012).

Knight, M. W., Sobhani, H., Nordlander, P. & Halas, N. J. Photodetection with active optical antennas. Science 332, 702–704 (2011).