Gaussianbeam

A representative lens system is illustrated in Figure 3. The collector lens outputs bundles of parallel rays, and the beam spot is at the output surface of the lens, as in Figure 2. The field lens focuses each bundle of rays output by the collector lens. An upside-down, scaled image of the source's light emitting structure is formed one focal length away from both the field and condenser lenses. Since the light rays from this image are incident on the condenser lens over a limited region of the lens' input surface, the light output by this lens creates a beam spot one focal length away. The illumination provided by this beam spot is uniform, without an image of the source.

Laser collimation

For position control in more than one direction, multiple linear stages may be used together. A "two-axis" or "X-Y" stage can be assembled from two linear stages, one mounted to the platform of the other such that the axis of motion of the second stage is perpendicular to that of the first. A two-axis stage with which many people are familiar is a microscope stage, used to position a slide under a lens. A "three-axis" or "X-Y-Z" stage is composed of three linear stages mounted to each other (often with the use of an additional angle bracket) such that the axes of motion of all stages are orthogonal. Some two-axis and three-axis stages are integrated designs rather than being assembled from separate single-axis stages. Some multiple-axis stages also include rotary or tilt elements such as rotary stages or positioning goniometers. By combining linear and rotary elements in various ways, four-axis, five-axis, and six-axis stages are also possible. Linear stages take an advanced form of high performance positioning systems in applications which require a combination of high speed, high precision and high force.

How to collimate laserbeam

The crossing of all of the parallel ray bundles provides a beam spot one focal length away from the lens. Here, the output beam has the smallest diameter and highest intensity. However, the spot does not include an image of the source, since the rays in each bundle are parallel to one another. All of the rays in each bundle would have to come back together, and intersect at a point, in order to form an image of the source point that emitted them.

Figure 3: A system of lenses can be used to form a beam spot wherever it is needed. In this case, the beam spot is located one focal length (fCD ) from the output side of the condenser lens. Since the rays emitted by each source point are parallel at the beam spot, no image is formed at the beam spot. Note that a scaled image of the source, where the rays from each point on the source intersect, is formed between the field and condenser lenses, one focal length (fFD ) away from the field lens. In this example, the light source is one focal length (fCL ) away from the collector lens.

How to make a collimatedbeam

Engineering a Beam SpotBeam spots are useful for providing uniform illumination, since the light intensity is maximized and the beam spot does not include an image of the light-emitting structure of the source. When each point on the light source emits over a wide range of angles, and / or it is necessary to provide uniform illumination far from the lens, a system of lenses is often used.

Figure 2 depicts a more typical white-light, or broadband source. Each point on the source emits rays over an angular range so wide that rays are incident upon the entire input face of the lens. When this occurs, the beam waist is located at the output surface of the lens.

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The light rays from each point are spread over a limited range of angles (). This light is incident on a lens placed one focal length (f ) away. The lens outputs the light as bundles of parallel rays, one bundle for every light-emitting point on the source.

Precision stages such as those used for optics do not use a lead screw, but instead use a fine-pitch screw or a micrometer which presses on a hardened metal pad on the stage platform. Rotating the screw or micrometer pushes the platform forward. A spring provides restoring force to keep the platform in contact with the actuator. This provides more precise motion of the stage. Stages designed to be mounted vertically use a slightly different arrangement, where the actuator is attached to the movable platform and its tip rests on a metal pad on the fixed base. This allows the weight of the platform and its load to be supported by the actuator rather than the spring.

Collimatinglens

There Is Not Always a Beam SpotThe lens in Figure 1 provides output light with a beam spot one focal length away from the lens for a few reasons. One is that the source is located one focal length away. Another is that the total group of rays emitted by the source are symmetric around the z-axis. In addition, the ray cone from each point intersects a limited region of the lens' surface area, so that each output bundle of rays has a relatively small diameter.

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The position of the moving platform relative to the fixed base is typically controlled by a linear actuator of some form, whether manual, motorized, or hydraulic/pneumatic. The most common method is to incorporate a lead screw passing through a lead nut in the platform. The rotation of such a lead screw may be controlled either manually or by a motor.

In manual linear stages, a control knob attached to a lead screw is typically used. The knob may be indexed to indicate its angular position. The linear displacement of the stage is related to the angular displacement of the knob by the lead screw pitch. For example if the lead screw pitch is 0.5 mm then one full revolution of the knob will move the stage platform 0.5 mm relative to the stage base. If the knob has 50 index marks around its circumference, then each index division is equivalent to 0.01 mm of linear motion of the stage platform.

In three-dimensional space, an object may either rotate about, or translate along any of three axes. Thus the object is said to have six degrees of freedom (3 rotational and 3 translational). A linear stage exhibits only one degree of freedom (translation along one axis). In other words, linear stages operate by physically restricting 3 axes of rotation and 2 axes of translation thus allowing for motion on only one translational axis.

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Linear stages are used in semiconductor devices fabrication process for precise linear positioning of wafers of the purposes of wafer mapping dielectric, characterization, and epitaxial layer monitoring where positioning speed and precision are critical.[1]

Beam Spot, but No ImageThe illustration in Figure 1 shows a light source on the left, which consists of a vertical stack of light-emitting points. While this is not a typical source, a system of lenses can be used to create an image of a source with these characteristics, as is discussed later.

Collimated light source

A linear stage or translation stage is a component of a precise motion system used to restrict an object to a single axis of motion. The term linear slide is often used interchangeably with "linear stage", though technically "linear slide" refers to a linear motion bearing, which is only a component of a linear stage. All linear stages consist of a platform and a base, joined by some form of guide or linear bearing in such a way that the platform is restricted to linear motion with respect to the base. In common usage, the term linear stage may or may not also include the mechanism by which the position of the platform is controlled relative to the base.

Figure 2: When the source emits light over a wide range of angles, the light rays from each source spot are incident over the entire lens surface area. The lens outputs bundles of parallel rays, one bundle for each source point, but the beam spot is at the output surface of the lens, instead of being located one focal length away.

How to collimate light

Each bundle of rays crosses the optical axis (z-axis) at a different angle. The angle for the light emitted from a particular light-emitting point on the source can be determined by first tracing a ray, from the point on the source, parallel to the z-axis, to the lens. From the endpoint of this ray, a second ray begins and crosses the z-axis one focal length away from the output side of the lens. In the figure, these are the rays at the center of each group and drawn with a thicker line.

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If a lens is placed one focal length away from sources like lamps or light-emitting diodes (LEDs), the lens will output light consisting of overlapping bundles of parallel rays that do not form an image but may form a beam spot (waist). Since each bundle of rays crosses the optical axis at a different angle, the intensity of the output light varies along the axis. The intensity is highest within the beam spot, where it may appear that the light comes to a focus. However, the rays in each bundle remain parallel, preventing the formation of an image. The location and diameter of the beam spot depends on the optical characteristics of the source and collimating lens, and both can be engineered to provide a beam spot that suits the application.

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How to collimate a divergingbeamof light

Overview. For each positioning task, you must define motion tasks. These motion tasks are selected by a motion task number and stored in the servo amplifier.

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Figure 1: Several factors provide a beam spot one focal length (f ) away from the lens. These include the symmetry of the emitted rays around the z-axis, and the limited lens surface area over which each cone of rays is incident. The lens outputs a single bundle of rays for each source point, and each bundle has a diameter smaller than the lens diameter. The overlapping ray bundles form the beam spot.

In other automated stages a DC motor may be used in place of a manual control knob. A DC motor does not move in fixed increments. Therefore an alternate means is required to determine stage position. A scale may be attached to the internals of the stage and an encoder used to measure the position of the stage relative to the scale and report this to the motor controller, allowing a motion controller to reliably and repeatably move the stage to set positions.

In some automated stages a stepper motor may be used in place of, or in addition to a manual knob. A stepper motor moves in fixed increments called steps. In this sense it behaves very much like an indexed knob. If the lead screw pitch is 0.5 mm and the stepper motor has 200 steps per revolution (as is common), then each revolution of the motor will result in 0.5 mm of linear motion of the stage platform, and each step will result in 0.0025 mm of linear motion.

Linear stages consist of a platform that moves relative to a base. The platform and base are joined by some form of guide which restricts motion of the platform to only one dimension. A variety of different styles of guides are used, each with benefits and drawbacks making each guide type more appropriate for some applications than for others.