Sphericalaberration formula

One of the main reasons to run Managed Instances is that they’re evergreen. The discussion then easily goes to the one we covered in the previous topic, compatibility levels. They work exactly as they do with SQL Server running in VM.

While compatibility level was not such a big deal from the performance standpoint originally, in more recent years and versions it actually has a bit more impact. The compatibility level 120 is where we first got the new Cardinality Estimator, and lately, there has been a good amount of performance optimizations and query processing features that have made their way into SQL Server. To understand the behavior, check the table below.

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Sphericalaberration photography

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However, from the consumer perspective, this comes with some issues. Very often, support for new versions of operating and database systems are released with the new version of the application, forcing you to wait to before you can upgrade your servers. And rather frequently, you also need to pay the vendor to get the upgrade, and to have their blessing to upgrade your own IT infrastructure. I don’t know about you, but having a 3rd party software vendor dictate when you can upgrade your IT infrastructure doesn’t sound too great. Even more so, when we live in the world with increasing number of cyber criminals targeting outdated and poorly protected systems, dragging behind with upgrades sounds less than optimal.

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Sphericalaberration in a lens

Although this study is a well-designed clinical trial with interesting results, the readers should keep in mind that the best way to compare two groups with analysis of variance (ANOVA) is using post hoc tests such as Bonferroni adjustment of type one error. This is one of the reasons for discrepancies in the results among different studies. Another explanation could be different measurement protocols.

That, good reader, is the typical sound of a commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) application making it’s way, kicking and screaming, towards the public cloud. Considering how often I hear these two things been said, it’s easy to end up thinking that public clouds are full of burning wrecks of old applications. However, my own experience from having migrated plenty of SQL Server workloads is, that, about 100% of the time, I don’t have problems with versions or PaaS services (well, except that one time).

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Sphericalaberration and chromatic aberration

So, when someone is telling you that they only support SQL Server running in VM’s, that’s almost always not the case. Microsoft has made a good effort in providing close to 100% compatibility to on-premises SQL Server with Managed Instances, and if you check the list of differences between SQL VM and Managed Instance, you’ll note that it’s relatively short. And many of the features on this list, well, they’re not something you typically see used.

Sphericalaberration correction

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There is a one scenario that compatibility levels will not help with, and that is when a feature has been removed from the SQL Server. On a positive note, I haven’t seen Microsoft actually remove any features since 2008. They’ve certainly deprecated many, and are warning against using them, but they haven’t been removed. Over the last 3 years, I’ve only seen this happen once with a database coming from SQL Server 2005 (yeah, don’t ask) that couldn’t be migrated directly into anything “newer” than 2008 R2 without changing some stored procedures.

With SQL Server 2017 and 2019 versions of SQL Server, we also got some nice features under the Intelligent Query Processing, such as Adaptive Joins, Scalar UDF Inlining, Batch Mode on Rowstore, Memory Grant Feedback, etc.

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If I can’t move a database by replicating a VM, going with Managed Instances is usually my go-to solution. Why? Because it takes away a lot of the pains that come with managing SQL Servers. No need to design and deploy high availability, install OS or SQL Server, manage backups, patching, etc. You just use it, and (almost) everything else is a Microsoft’s problem.

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Advancements in cataract surgery and intraocular lens (IOL) design have optimized the postoperative optical performance of the pseudophakic eye. One of the recent spotlights of IOL design has been formulating optical properties similar to a clear, young lens and addressing spherical aberration.

Thanks for reading! If you ever need to have these same conversations with the software vendors, hopefully, you can use some of these points to convince them to move on with the times.

What issphericalaberration in Physics

Spherical aberration in the human eye is a combination of the positive spherical aberration of the cornea,1–3 and the negative spherical aberration of the crystalline lens.4,5 In young eyes, the positive spherical aberration of the cornea is compensated by the negative spherical aberration of the lens; as a result, overall spherical aberration in the young eye is low.2,3,6 As the eye ages, the optical properties of the crystalline lens change,4,7 resulting in overall positive spherical aberration2,8,9 and decreased optical performance. Spherical aberrations generally reduce the contrast of the retinal image10,11 and affect visual performance, especially under mesopic conditions.12

Conventional spherical IOLs increase the positive spherical aberration in the eye following cataract extraction.13,14 In 2002, an aspheric IOL design was introduced to compensate for the positive spherical aberration of the cornea.15 Aspheric IOLs have been designed with an anterior prolate suface (Tecnis, Advanced Medical Optics), a posterior prolate surface (Acrysof IQ, Alcon Laboratories), or with both anterior and posterior prolate surfaces (Akreos AO, SofPort AO and L161 AO, Bausch & Lomb) and compensate for corneal spherical aberration to varying degrees.

By using compatibility levels. This feature has been in SQL Server forever, and as you can probably guess, it’s there to provide backward compatibility to older versions of SQL Server. And it goes way, way backwards. Since SQL Server 2008/2008 R2, Microsoft has kept backward compatibility to all the older versions, meaning that you can run a SQL Server 2019 (and soon 2021) with compatibility to SQL Server 2008.

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I spend a lot of my working time and effort to move on-premises databases to the cloud. When I am not doing that, I am most often spending it planning on how to do it more efficiently. While I think today almost everyone agrees with the benefits of going to the cloud, there are a couple of sentences I keep hearing over and over, when we’re planning to move databases to the cloud.

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There are several studies comparing different types of spherical and aspheric IOLs under various conditions and with varying protocols. The readers should be careful about applying the results and accepting them as general rules.

Sphericalaberration example

In this post, I’ll write about a single feature that can be used as to ensure that your database will be just fine, or even better, and then something about Managed Instances.

In this issue of JOVR, a double-blind randomized controlled trial conducted by Jafarinasab et al16 compares spherical aberration and contrast sensitivity among 3 different types of aspheric IOLs (Tecnis, Akreos AO, and Acrysof IQ) and one spherical IOL (Sensar). Significantly higher spherical aberration was reported with the spherical IOL and the zero-aberration aspheric IOL as compered to the negative aberration aspheric IOLs, however this advantage was pupil-size dependent. With increased pupil size from 4 to 6 mm, an increase in spherical aberration was observed for all four types of IOLs, however significantly more with the spherical IOL. Contrast sensitivity function under mesopic conditions and at low spatial frequencies (1.5 to 3 cpd) was significantly higher in the Tecnis group as compared to the others. At higher spatial frequencies (12 to 18 cpd), Acrysof IQ worked significantly better. The authors concluded that the performance of aspheric IOLs is pupil dependent and that their function deteriorates to some extent under mesopic conditions, as there was no significant difference between spherical and aspheric IOLs in mesopic contrast sensitivity at 6 cpd.

Sphericalaberration in mirrors

So, what can we do to overcome the version discussion? I’ve had some success in educating software vendors about the backward compatibility feature in SQL Server.

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Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) applications are software that are packaged and sold as ready to use, and very frequently, offer limited customization options. As it’s also typically something that is sold in large numbers, there’s commonly a very strict set of requirements for the application to run. From the vendor perspective, these requirements make a lot of sense, as it means that they don’t need to test their application for every possible combination of hardware and software that exists in the market.

The most common reason for me to not use Managed Instance is not the lack of feature support, but the resource limitations of Managed Instances. Microsoft has been upping these over the time, and you can already use them to host some serious workloads, but in some cases, you will just need the flexibility of the VM anyway.

What the compatibility levels in SQL Server provide, is a great way to decouple the versions you’re running, from the versions that the application supports. It gives you the freedom to move to the latest and greatest, to ensure the security and reliability of your systems, while still providing the expected functionality to applications. You can upgrade OS and database system when you need to, and once the application runs a version that supports them, it’s a single line of T-SQL to change the compatibility level. It’s so simple, that most software vendors don’t have (good) counter-arguments for this approach.