C-mount and CS-mount are two common lens mounts used in machine vision. They're similar in many ways, but there are important differences to consider when choosing the right one for your machine vision setup.

We have a large portfolio of machine vision lenses available online. Additionally, we offer some custom solutions for lenses, ensuring you find the best fit for your machine vision system. Explore our portfolio of machine vision cameras, where the standard mount is C-mount, but we also provide options to select CS-mount or S-mount(M12 mount) in some models.

Echellegrating

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The discussion so far has assumed that the diffracted light is reflected off of the grating structure. A grating which predominantly reflects the diffracted light is called, not surprisingly, a reflection grating. A grating which predominantly transmits the diffracted light is called a transmission grating. When analyzing transmission gratings, care should be taken to properly account for refraction of light at the grating and any other interfaces. Refraction of a light ray at a planar interface between two media with different indexes of refraction is described by the well-known Snell’s Law

A typical transmission grating is illustrated in Figure 6. Here the grating interface is shown as the front surface of a glass substrate. Since the incident and diffracted orders are all measured in air, the form of the Grating Equation in (1) should be used.

where nm is the index of refraction of the region into which the diffracted light travels. For the reflected orders, nm = ni, and the Grating Equation becomes

This is the well-known Grating Equation. For a given angle of incidence, θ, it gives the angle of diffraction θm for each “order” m for which a solution to (1) exists. Often gratings are described by the frequency of grating lines instead of the period, where f (in lines/mm) is equal to 106/Λ (for Λ in nm). In terms of f the grating equation becomes

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The graph in Figure 3 also shows a dashed line called the “Littrow line.” When the curve associated with a particular m < 0 order intersects this line, the angle of diffraction is equal and opposite to the angle of incidence. In other words, light is diffracted exactly along the path of the incident light. This type of retroreflection is called Littrow diffraction.

The cut-off lines for all other orders fall below those shown on the graph. The green dot illustrates the wavelength-period ratio and angle of incidence associated with the example of a 633 nm laser and 850 lines/mm grating highlighted in Figures 2 and 3. Since this point is below the m = –1, –2, and +1 cut-off lines, but above the m = +2 (and all other) cut-off lines, only these first three orders exist.

The shorter FFD of the CS-mount allows for more compact camera designs, as the lens can be positioned closer to the sensor.

Referring to Figure 1, imagine a beam of light represented by the two green rays incident on the binary (rectangular profile) grating shown. The light is diffracted in many directions, only one of which is indicated by the blue rays. If the difference between adjacent green-blue ray paths diffracted off of identical locations on adjacent periods is equal to a multiple of the wavelength of light, the two blue rays interfere constructively.

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The main difference between C-mount and CS-mount is the flange focal distance (FFD), which is the distance between the lens mounting surface and the image sensor. C-mount has an FFD of 17.526 mm, while CS-mount has a shorter FFD of 12.5 mm.

Diffraction gratingexperiment

The larger the period Λ, or the lower the frequency f, the more orders there are. As an example, suppose a HeNe laser beam at 633 nm is incident on an 850 lines/mm grating. Referring to Figure 2, there will be three diffracted orders (m = –2, –1, and +1) along with the specular reflection (m = 0). This 0th order is typically not considered a diffracted order since it does not provide any angular dispersion (change in angle with change in wavelength).

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In terms of compatibility, the C-mount standard is more widely used, offering a broader selection of lenses from various makers. C-mount lenses are versatile, working with both C-mount and CS-mount cameras.

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Blazedgrating

The Littrow line on the graph in Figure 7 connects the angle of incidence to the wavelength-period ratio. So for example, light with a wavelength exactly equal to the period of a grating (λ/Λ = 1) experiences Littrow diffraction at θ = 30º. For a given wavelength the largest possible period for which only a single diffracted order exists is exactly 1½ wavelengths (λ/Λ = 2/3). Single-order diffraction for such a period occurs at the Littrow angle of θL = arcsin(1/3) ≅ 20º.

Note the sign conventions for the angles. Incident light is shown traveling left-to-right, for which the angle θ ≥ 0. For diffracted light traveling left-to-right, θm ≥ 0, whereas for diffracted light traveling right-to-left, θm ≤ 0.

Diffraction gratings can be understood using the optical principles of diffraction and interference. When light is incident on a surface with a profile that is irregular at length scales comparable to the wavelength of the light, it is reflected and refracted at a microscopic level in many different directions as described by the laws of diffraction. If the surface irregularity is periodic, such as a series of grooves etched into a surface, light diffracted from many periods in certain special directions constructively interferes, yielding replicas of the incident beam propagating in those directions.

Grating

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Versatility: C-mount lenses work with a wide range of image sensors, making them compatible with various machine vision cameras.

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Fraunhoferdiffraction

The dependence of the angles of diffraction on the angle of incidence can be more completely visualized on the graph shown in Figure 3. Here the specific case of θ = 10º illustrated in Figure 2 is indicated by the solid dots on the graph. From the graph it is apparent that different orders exist for different angles of incidence. For example, for θ smaller than about 5º only the +1st and –1st orders exist, while for θ larger than about 38º only the –1st, –2nd, and –3rd orders exist.

However, it is important to recognize that there may be orders that do not exist as solutions to (1), yet they exist and propagate inside the substrate. Examples are the +2nd and –3rd orders shown in Figure 6. These orders are totally internally reflected inside the substrate, and therefore do not propagate in the air region outside the substrate. Nevertheless they are real, and can emerge from the edge of the glass substrate.

However, CS-mount lenses are often cheaper as they use fewer glass elements. Both types support a maximum sensor size of 1.1", so they're not suitable for larger sensors found in high resolution cameras, which may require a different lens mount, such as the F-mount.

To be more complete, if a grating is at an interface between two media with indexes ni and nt, the Grating Equation (1) is written as

Secure Mounting: Strong and stable attachment between the lens and camera is ensured by the screw-threaded connection, ideal for applications requiring stability.

You can attach a C-mount lens to a CS-mount camera by using a 5mm adapter ring. This ring fills the gap caused by the shorter flange distance in CS-mount cameras, ensuring proper focusing of the C-mount lens.

For many gratings, especially those designed for use with lasers, it is desirable for all of the incident light to be diffracted into a single order to minimize loss in the overall system. The most straightforward way to realize a single order is to make the grating period Λ small enough to eliminate all other nonzero orders as solutions to the Grating Equation (1). How small Λ must be depends on the wavelength and the angle of incidence.

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Diffraction grating

Unfortunately, directly mounting a CS-mount lens onto a C-mount camera is not feasible. The shorter design of the CS-mount lens prevents it from reaching the correct focal point due to the additional space in a C-mount camera.

Need more info or have some questions about C-mount of CS-mount lenses? Fill out the form below and our team will be happy to assist you.

where θL is called the Littrow angle. The same relation can also be derived by simply setting θm = – θ in the Grating Equation (1). Most often we are interested in the Littrow condition for the –1st order, for which the equation is

where ni and θi are the index of refraction and ray angle, respectively, in the incident medium, and nt and θt are the analogous quantities in the transmitted medium (see Figure 5). When nt is smaller than ni, light bends away from the normal to the interface (i.e., θt > θi), whereas when nt is larger than ni the opposite occurs.

Diffraction gratingformula

Durability: Designed for industrial environments, C-mount lenses can withstand tough conditions like vibrations and temperature extremes.

The condition for Littrow diffraction can be understood using the simple ray picture in Figure 4. Following the logic used in analyzing Figure 1, constructive interference along the Littrow direction occurs when the path difference between adjacent green-blue ray paths is given by (AB = 0) – 2A’B’ = mλ, or

Because of this difference, you can't directly attach C-mount lenses to a CS-mount camera. However, you can use C-mount lenses on a CS-mount camera by using a 5mm adapter ring. The shorter FFD of CS-mount lenses makes them incompatible with C-mount cameras.

Mathematically, the difference between paths AB and A’B’ is a multiple of the wavelength when AB – A’B’ = mλ, where m is an integer and λ is the wavelength of light (typically stated in nm). Since AB = Λsinθm and A’B’ = Λsinθ, where Λ is the grating period and θm and θ are the angles of diffraction and incidence, respectively, relative to the surface normal, the condition for constructive interference is

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This makes CS-mount lenses well-suited for embedded vision applications where space is limited, such as in surveillance cameras and some machine vision systems.

This constraint on the grating period is illustrated in Figure 7, which shows the cut-off ratio of wavelength to period, λ/Λ, for the lowest several diffracted orders as a function of the angle of incidence θ. For wavelength-period ratios above the m = –1 cut-off line, in the red-shaded region, no diffraction occurs at all; the period is simply too small. For ratios below the m = –1 cut-off line but above the m = +1 and m = –2 cut-off lines, in the yellow-shaded region, only a single –1st diffracted order exists. This is the region in which almost all PGL gratings fall.

Because of the unpredictable delivery reliability of CS-mount lenses, we do not carry this standard in our online store. However, we do provide them for volume projects starting from 100 pieces per year. Typically, the prices for these lenses range between 8 and 25 euros per unit. Moreover, we offer customization options for the iris. If you're interested in acquiring these lenses, please inform us.

When choosing between C-mount and CS-mount for a machine vision application, the key considerations are the available space, the required lens characteristics, and the desired cost-effectiveness. C-mount offers a wider selection of lenses and is more versatile, while CS-mount is better suited for compact designs and cost-sensitive applications.