Multispectralcamera

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Free Space Optics provides speeds comparable to those of optical fibre connections with the flexibility and practicality of being part of a wireless network providing bandwidth speeds typically advertised as up to 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 155Mbps and 1.25Gbps, with possible speeds of up to 10Gbps becoming likely in the future with the use of WDM (Wavelength-Division Multiplexing) technology. Currently, the only other wireless technology capable of these kinds of speeds is Millimetre Wave RF Wireless Networking which, in comparison, requires licensing and can affected severely by rain in the 60GHz range. Due to the received beam being transferred onto an optical fibre to connect to the core network, trouble free integration and easy set up make Free Space Optics networking's compatibility with any system very high.

All Free Space Optics technology is strictly controlled to make sure that standards are followed to limit any dangers. On the whole, Free Space Optics units are of low enough power not to cause long term harm when the laser is exposed to a person's eye, however precautions should be taken so that this never occurs if possible.

Difference betweenmultispectralandhyperspectralremote sensing

Unlike rain and snow, that on the whole has little effect on Free Space Optics communication, fog and water vapour droplets are a real hindrance to the operating performance. The small water droplets can at points completely stop the light beams from being received due to light absorption, refraction scattering or even complete reflection which can significantly lower data rates. Therefore in foggy areas, Free Space Optics may not be the best solution, however applications have been successfully carried out that have provided acceptable reliability with redundancy systems in place. The following five points listed all refer to the signal attenuation caused by atmospheric conditions.

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Specim IQ

The study highlights the significant advantages of hyperspectral imaging over multispectral imaging for vegetation mapping. The increased spectral resolution enables more precise identification and differentiation of land surface features, ultimately improving classification accuracy.

Free Space Optics Wireless Networks can only operate as Point-to-Point links between 2 units, however, when combined with LAN or WLAN networks they can provide very effective solutions to many scenarios such as:

Beam spread, or more technically called beam divergence, is measurable angular effect of the beam's dissipation at a constant rate as it travels further through the atmosphere.

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Hyperspectralimaging

Due to being located above ground unlike, for the most part, laid fibre optic cable, different challenges are presented when considering Free Space Optics performance with the biggest being atmospheric conditions. However, most drawbacks and shortcomings can be resolved through the inclusion of redundancy systems and correct wireless network planning.

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Scattering occurs when certain wavelengths experience collisions with objects and are redistributed in varying directions without energy loss (unlike absorption). Scattering is more likely to have a more frequent and larger effect over long distances where it can have a significant effect on beam strength.

Hyperspectralandmultispectralremote sensing image fusion based on endmember spatial information

Fig. 2: Distribution of F1 accuracy values for each Natura 2000 habitat – comparing hyperspectral from airborne HySpex (HS) sensor (black) vs. multispectral from satellite Sentinel-2 (S2) sensor (red).

Due to light not be able to travel through opaque mediums, objects such as birds, planes and people can momentarily cause interruptions to the service by blocking the Free Space Optics' light beam, with service resuming instantly when the light path is cleared. Multi-beam technology can be used with compatible systems to try and counter this problem.

While multispectral sensors capture images in a limited number of broad spectral bands, hyperspectral sensors acquire images with hundreds of narrow and contiguous spectral bands, ideally covering the entire electromagnetic spectrum. The increased spectral resolution of hyperspectral imagery enables the extraction of distinct spectral characteristics that may not be visible in multispectral images.

The basis of Free Space Optics communication is rather straightforward with each unit housing an optical receiver and transmitter, allowing the sending and receiving of data simultaneously, and an optical source with a focusing lens. The unit at one location transmits a beam of focused light carrying the information directly at the unit at the receiving location where the light beam is then transferred to an optical fibre from a high sensitivity receiver.

Hyperspectralcamera

A recent study by Jarocińska et al. published in Nature Scientific Reports (2023) investigated the extent to which additional spectral information improves the accuracy of identifying vegetation habitats with similar spectral properties. The study was conducted in five areas for non-forest EU Natura 2000 habitats and focused on four types of habitats: meadows, grasslands, heaths, and mires. (Figure 1).

Beam wander or jitter is the amount that the centroid or peak value of the beam strength profile moves with time and can be caused by turbulence resulting in the beam becoming unfocused.

Hyperspectralsatellite

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The results of the study demonstrated that hyperspectral data generally achieved higher classification accuracies compared to multispectral Sentinel-2 imagery, regardless of the habitat type. The F1 accuracy, on average, was 0.14 higher when using hyperspectral data (Figure 2). The authors conclude that the difference in accuracy was not constant, as it varied by area and habitat characterization. However, the authors emphasized that hyperspectral imagery was crucial for accurately mapping salt meadows (1340), Molinia meadows (6410), and lowland hay meadows (6510).

Free Space Optics (FSO) is a technology that uses laser beams via a line of sight optical bandwidth connection to transfer data, video or voice communications across areas ranging typically from 100m to a few kilometres at throughput bandwidths up to 1.25Gbps at frequencies above 300GHz of wavelengths, typically, 785 to 1550nm. Using Free Space Optics wireless networks eliminates the need to secure licensing found with RF signal solutions and also the expensive costs of laying fibre optic cable; principally the concept of transferring data via light is the same as with fibre optics just through a different medium.

Fluctuations in signal strength can be caused by variations in temperature of air pockets between the transmitter and receiver due to natural differences or objects such as buildings etc. This effect, know as refractive turbulence, causes image dancing or blurring of the signal at the receiver end which results in amplitude loss.

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Water vapour molecules in the air absorb the energy from photons (light particles) within the light beam which causes an overall loss in power density. The use of spatial diversity and correct system power helps combat this effect as absorption is more common at certain wavelength ranges of light.

Multispectralimage

The study utilized multispectral data from the Sentinel-2 satellite and hyperspectral data from airborne HySpex sensors. Image preprocessing employed advanced spectral analytics using ENVI® software. ENVI is the industry standard for processing and analyzing hyperspectral data with the ability to capture the subtle spectral signatures in hyperspectral data. To ensure a fair comparison, the hyperspectral imagery was down-sampled to match the spatial resolution of Sentinel-2 (10m).

Jarocińska, A., Kopeć, D., Niedzielko, J. et al. (2023): The utility of airborne hyperspectral and satellite multispectral images in identifying Natura 2000 non-forest habitats for conservation purposes. Sci Rep 13, 4549. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31705-6

Data from multispectral satellite constellations like Landsat and SPOT have long been utilized for land use mapping and vegetation classification. Sentinel-2 builds on this legacy, providing similar moderate-resolution data acquired in broad spectral bands that cover visible, near infrared, and short-wave infrared wavelengths. Even though the MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) payload of Sentinel-2 is tuned for vegetation mapping by sampling 13 well positioned spectral bands at spatial resolutions of 10m, 20m and 60m, in most cases hyperspectral imagery offers improved accuracy for this purpose.

The additional spectral information provided by hyperspectral imaging allows for a deeper analysis of land surface features. It facilitates the identification and differentiation of similar objects, making it easier to classify vegetation types accurately.

Free Space Optics wireless network ranges are typically found to be between around 100m and 2km but due to the nature of the signal strength being directly affected more by atmospheric conditions over increasing distance, the shorter the range between the two unit locations the higher the performance and availability of the connection will be.

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Free Space Optics is a very secure method of wireless communications when compared to RF Signal Networks because the light beams cannot be detected by spectrum analysers, data transmissions can be encrypted, the laser beams are very narrow and invisible making them hard to find or detect and to receive the signal, another matching receiver would have to be aligned within the light path which is quite unlikely to happen.

Building sway due to wind can be a problem as it disrupts the alignment between the two transceiver units causing loss of signal. Divergent beam technology can be used to allow the units to communicate in these situations but performance is still slightly affected.