Most manufacturers have started to introduce hybrid stabilisation systems that use in-body stabilisation as well as lens stabilisation to extend the range of movement compensation.

PentaxPentax K: Pentax full-frame and APS-C format DSLRs Pentax K (DA): Pentax K-mount lenses that are designed its APS-C format DSLRs

If only one focal length is listed rather than a range, the lens is a prime lens. The Fujifilm XF 23mm F2 R WR, for example, is a 23mm prime lens. It has an effective focal length of 34.5 mm on Fujifilm's X-series cameras as they have an APS-C format sensor.

His name is Zhao Zhenhua and he's (allegedly) a Chinese kung fu master. When this video started circulating online earlier this month, it was widely reported that this practice had something to do with improving fertility. "Swinging weights from the testicles or scrotum will actually increase the scrotal sack size," says Dr. Kramer. "That's just stretching things, like African tribes do with earrings, for example. Unfortunately, it will not increase potency or reproductive potential—that's a huge myth."

Prime lenses have a single focal length, while zoom lenses allow you to change focal length to get a wider or narrower view.

One of the most daunting aspects of moving up from a smartphone, compact camera or bridge camera to a DSLR or mirrorless system camera is dealing with interchangeable lenses. Even experienced photographers can find the vast array of camera lenses confusing. This guide to the most important features of camera lenses should help make choosing the right one easier.

A trick like that requires many years of "conditioning both the body and the pain response." Or so says Tim Cridland, aka "Zamora the Torture King," who has devoted his life and career to doing just that. (As a sideshow performer, he regularly jams meat skewers and needles through his arms and cheeks.) Which isn't to say we should all learn how to stick skewers in our arms and hang weights from our balls. But in general, it helps to remember that pain is as much a learned response as it is a physical response.

The ‘R’ in the name of the Fujifilm XF 10-24mm F4 R OIS WR indicates that it has a ring that can be used to adjust its aperture setting. When a lens doesn’t have an aperture ring, the setting is changed using a dial on the camera.

Because they only cover one focal length prime lenses are often smaller and lighter than a comparable zoom lens covering the same focal length.

The Fujifilm XF 16-50mm F2.8-4.8 R LM WR, for example, has the Fujifilm X mount (for Fujifilm X-series APS-C format cameras) and is a zoom lens with a focal length range of 16mm to 50mm (effective focal length 24-75mm). It also has a variable maximum aperture that changes from f/2.8 at the wide-angle (16mm) end to f/4.8 at the longest (50mm) point.

SonySony FE: Sony full-frame and APS-C format mirrorless camerasSony E: Sony APS-C and full-frame format mirrorless cameras

But here's the thing: The guy who drops dead from a balls-squeezing is the exception, not the rule. Do you know how guys typically die from ball injuries? Because they accidentally shot themselves in the crotch.That happens way more than you'd think it would

Micro Four Thirds cameras have a sensor that's smaller than an APS-C format sensor and as result, Micro Four Thirds camera give a 2x focal length magnification factor. Consequently, as 50mm lens produces an image that's comparable with a 100mm lens on a full-frame camera. This makes Micro Four Thirds cameras attractive to anyone wanting a light camera system, especially if they are keen on wildlife photography and in need of long telephoto lenses.

No, it means that testicles might be sturdier and more resilient than we think. When somebody kicks you in the nuts, you might react as if it's the most painful thing that's ever happened to you. But some Dutch metal bassist got hit so hard in the nuts that his "scrotum was the size of a big grapefruit," and he kept playing power chords and finished his show. If he can do that and be fine, maybe that says something about your scrotal reactions, or possible overreactions.

Well sure. But there has to be a lot of other factors for that to happen. "If the guy already has a weak heart," says Dr. Kramer, "then a firm grab and prolonged grab of his testicles would certainly tip him over the edge toward a heart attack. But there's no special reflex between testicle and heart that caused this incident to happen, just a bad stress reaction that taxed his already weakened heart."

Using himself as a guinea pig, he forced bees to sting every part of his body, from his head down to his feet, 190 times in all, over a five-week period. (He studies bee behavior at Cornell, so ostensibly he knew how to do this safely.)

PanasonicMicro Four Thirds: Panasonic Lumix Micro Four Thirds mirrorless camerasL: Panasonic Lumia full-frame mirrorless cameras

Zoom lenses are very popular because of their convenience, but prime lenses generally produce better image quality than a zoom lens of a similar price. That said developments in optical design mean that zoom lenses are increasingly close to matching prime lenses for image quality.

Yikes indeed. Which, in a weird way, makes it less surprising that occasionally guys might let a hyena eats their testicles, or bring a lawn chair into the shower, or play rugby without athletic support. Our balls aren't the problem. Some of us need to spend less time worrying about our balls, and more time thinking with our brains.

Funny you should say that. Researchers at Newcastle University have been studying a phenomenon called "male idiot theory" (MIT). They examined the ill-advised behavior demonstrated by winners of the Darwin Awards, the annual celebration of human stupidity. Focusing on a 20-year period (1995 to 2014), they found some distressing patterns—88.7% of Darwin Award winners were guys.

These lenses are generally more desirable because the exposure doesn’t alter as you zoom in or out, but they also tend to be bigger, heavier, and more expensive than zooms with variable maximum apertures.

However, although there are few exceptions, short focal length lenses are generally shorter in length than long focal length lenses.

But as awful as it may feel, on a pain scale, experiencing ball trauma might not be the number one most painful thing that can happen to you. It might actually be number four.

It is the standard optical metrology tool for defining a right angle. ... Reflex prism (3 R) – a pentaprism with an added roof mirror. ... Prism Near Lens a. 2. > a.

NikonNikon F (FX): Nikon full-frame and APS-C format DSLRsNikon F (DX): Nikon APS-C and full-frame DSLRsNikon Z (FX): Nikon full-frame and APS-C format mirrorless cameraNikon Z (DX): Nikon APS-C and full-frame mirrorless cameras

Here's the deal. The U.S. Patent and Trade Office decided that the name is “vulgar." And they might be right. It's not a double entendre. The name is pretty literal. It's basically saying "Hey, buy this and it'll make your balls comfy." And the patent office was not amused, calling it "offensive." Which is too bad, really, especially given all the ball pain that Comfyballs could be preventing.

No, of course not. Every guy alive has (probably) experienced an unpleasant and painful blow to the balls. And it hurts for a reason. "Evolutionarily, it makes sense," says Dr. Kramer. "Your body is made to reproduce. It protects itself from trauma to your genitals for survival of the species. So the testicles are privileged in that they have extra-sensory attachments to them that give you a lot of sensation when the testicles are 'attacked,' to protect your reproductive potential."

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A lens’ angle of view can be measured horizontally, vertically, and diagonally. The Canon RF 24mm F1.8 Macro IS STM lens, for example, has a horizontal angle of view of 44 degrees, a vertical angle of view of 53 degrees, and a diagonal angle of view of 44 degrees. In comparison, the RF 400mm f/2.8L IS USM's angle of view measurements are 5 degrees 10 minutes, 3 degrees 30 minutes, and 6 degrees 10 minutes, which are much narrower.

Lens names often seem like a long and confusing list of numbers and letters, but they are designed to spell out the lens focal length and maximum aperture along with some of the key technologies inside.

While lenses are marked with their actual focal length, photographer often refer to their 'effective' focal length which is the focal length with the crop factor applied.

The focal length magnification (also known as a ‘crop factor’) describes the increase in effective focal length that the sensor produces.

After the show, he went to the hospital where, according to his Facebook page, "500 ml of blood was removed from my scrotum and my testicle [was] stitched up." He claims he came very close “to losing my left testicle, but chances are good it will be fine."

Unique or not, a pair of underwear that keeps your testicles confined and comfortable could be useful in extreme ball-injury cases. Like what happened to Otto Schimmelpenninck.

Norwegian underwear brand Comfyballs planned to introduce "the most comfortable boxer trunks ever made" (according to their website) this year, but you'll have to look elsewhere to keep your balls nice and comfy, at least for now.

Comfyballs is apparently equipped with something called "Balls Squeeze Avoidance." By lifting your "equipment" away from your legs, the site claims, "you reduce the risk of balls discomfort."

Well, let's not get crazy. Bad things do happen to testicles. Back in 2012, a 42-year-old man in China got into an argument with a woman, and she squeezed his balls so hard that he dropped dead, possibly from a heart attack.

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Nikon, Sony, and Fujifilm APS-C format cameras have a focal length magnification factor of 1.5x, which means that a 50mm lens produces images comparable to a 75mm lens on a full-frame camera. Canon APS-C format cameras have a 1.6x magnification which makes a 50mm lens look like an 80mm optic.

Canon also has two lens lines for its mirrorless cameras, RF and RF-S. RF-S lenses are designed for the company's APS-C format mirrorless cameras but they can be mounted on its full-frame mirrorless cameras as well. Canon RF mount lenses are designed for use on its full-frame mirrorless cameras, but they can be used on its APS-C format cameras as well.

Even the testicle accidents that don't result in fatalities, they're usually caused by avoidable behavior. Don't, for instance, take a lawn chair into the shower, like this poor fellow did, because you might end up getting your balls snapped inside that lawn chair. And don't, above all, let a witch doctor convince you that it's a good idea to let a hyena eat your balls.

We'll let Comfyball founder Anders Selvig explain. "Free hanging balls may become squeezed if or when the owner is moving about," he told us. "BSA (Ball Squeezing Avoidance) is achieved by using Comfyballs and thus having the PackageFront elastics frame in and keeping a man’s equipment in place, up and away from between his legs."

Focal length is a physical measurement, but the image framing that a lens produces depends upon the size of the sensor in the camera it is mounted on. That's because the lens needs to produce an image circle that's big enough to cover the sensor inside the camera it's mounted on.

While this convention of using fractions to describe aperture settings (or sizes) can be confusing at first, it means that any given aperture lets in the same amount of light, whatever lens it is set on. For instance, f/8 on a 35mm lens lets in the same amount of light as f/8 on a 100mm lens.

As a result, the image captured by the camera looks cropped compared to the image captured using the same lens on a full-frame camera, or like a longer focal length lens has been used.

The maximum aperture of many zoom lenses varies as its focal length is adjusted, but more expensive zooms have a fixed maximum aperture such as f/2.8 or f/4.

Just ask Paul Wood. The 30-year-old English rugby player ruptured one of his testicles during a 2012 match, after taking an "accidental knee" (his words) to the groin. The injury was so bad that his doctors did indeed cut out one of his testicles. "It's something I'm going to look at," he told the BBC about his future plans to wear protective gear. "Because obviously I've only got one now." Maybe that Norwegian company can make a special pair of underwear for Wood, and call it Comfyball.

Most guys feel that way. But here's the interesting thing. Both the heavy metal bassist and the rugby player suffered major testicle damage. And yet, in both cases, they didn't immediately stop what they were doing and focus on the excruciating pain. Schimmelpenninck says he "did manage to finish the show and even squeeze out some grunts" before he finally sought medical attention. And Wood claims that after his ball injury, he "managed to stay on for 20 minutes until [the coach] Tony [Smith] took me off." Do you know what this means?

It's important to note that the image you get from a lens will look different depending upon whether it's mounted on a full-frame or APS-C format camera. In some cases, a lenses designed for use on an APS-C format camera can be used on a full-frame camera but the camera will crop the image to APS-C format size (or it will show heavy corner shading). More on this later.

Prime lenses often has a wider maximum aperture than a zoom lens covering the same focal length range. That's useful because it means you can use faster shutter speeds and blur the background more with the prime lens.

Nope. It's based on actual research, conducted by Michael Smith, a Cornell University graduate student. One day, a honey bee flew up his shorts and stung him on the testicles. Which got him wondering, is a bee sting on the testicles worse than, say, a bee sting on the butt, or the hand?

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And that's especially true for guys and their balls. "Fear of being kicked in the balls and any attack to the genital region is a very primal fear," says Cridland. "It's conditioned into men from an early age."

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The Nikon Nikkor z 600mm F4 TC VR S is a prime lens with a difference. The TC indicates that it has a teleconverter built-in and that can be applied with the flick of a lever. When the teleconverter is in action, the lens’ focal length switches from 600mm to 840mm. That type of technology does not come cheap.

Lenses have an iris that can open and close inside their barrel to control how much light can reach the camera’s sensor. The iris comprises a series of blades, and the more blades there are, the more rounded the iris hole or aperture.

Wide-angle lenses are popular for shooting landscapes because they enable you to capture an expansive vista, and telephoto lenses are useful for picking out distant details or tight framing of action.

The most important thing to know about camera lenses is that they have a specific mount, so they can only be used with certain cameras. Third-party manufacturers like Sigma, Tamron, Tokina, and Zeiss make lenses with mounts to fit a range of cameras, but Canon, for example, only makes lenses to fit Canon cameras, and Nikon only makes lenses that fit Nikon cameras.

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If you were hoping that one of the gifts under your Christmas tree this year is underwear scientifically designed to protect your balls, you're out of luck. At least if you live in the United States.

Yeah, we never heard of him either. At least until recently. He's the bass player in a Dutch metal band called Delain, and during a gig in Birmingham, England, he was hit in the balls by a streamer cannon, which ruptured one of his testicles.

On a full-frame camera a lens with a focal length of less than 50mm is usually referred to as a 'wide-angle' lens while a lens with a focal length longer than 50mm may be called a 'telephoto' lenses. However, lenses with focal lengths around the 40-55mm range are often referred to as 'standard' or 'normal' lenses because they produce images with framing that's close to what we see with our eyes.

The picture is a little more complicated because some lenses are designed for specific camera ranges. Canon EF-S mount lenses, for instance, are designed for APS-C format Canon DSLR cameras and cannot be used on full-frame DSLRs. Meanwhile, Canon EF mount lenses are for full-frame Canon DSLRs, but they can be used used on Canon's APS-C format DSLRs.

The Nikon Nikkor Z 180-600mm F/5.6-6.3 VR is a telephoto zoom lens with a focal length range of 180-600mm and a variable maximum aperture of F/5.6 (at the 180mm end) to F/6.3 (at the 600mm end). It’s designed for use on Nikon’s full-frame mirrorless cameras.

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Leica, Panasonic and Sigma all produce cameras with the L-mount and you can use any L-mount lens on any L-mount camera. Similarly, OM Digital Solutions and Panasonic manufactures cameras with the Micro Four Thirds (MFT) mount and any MFT lens can be used on any MFT camera.

In addition, the R indicates that it has an aperture ring, LM indicates that it has a linear motor to drive the autofocus, while 'WR' shows that it is weather-resistant. The list of letters varies depending on the manufacturer’s naming convention, but the features are often the same or similar.

Angela is the founder of SheClicks, a community for female photographers. She started reviewing cameras and photographic kit in early 2004 and since then she’s been Amateur Photographer’s Technical Editor and Head of Testing for Future Publishing’s extensive photography portfolio (Digital Camera, Professional Photography, NPhoto, PhotoPlus, Photography Week, Practical Photoshop, Digital Camera World and TechRadar). She now primarily writes reviews for SheClicks but does freelance work for other publications.

Some lenses have gyros inside that can detect movement and then a motor shifts an element (or group of elements) to compensate. This enables the camera to capture sharp images at shutter speeds that would normally result in blurred photographs. The possible reduction in shutter speed is measured in stops or exposure values (EV) and is commonly 3-4 EV.

A lens’ angle of view measures the extent of a scene it can project onto a camera’s sensor. A wide-angle lens is so-called because it captures a wide view of a scene (i.e., all or most of it) and has a large angle of view.

Here's a breakdown of which current lens mount is used by each camera manufacturer. The first camera type listed for each mount indicates the primary target for the mount.

LeicaLeica M: Leica M-series rangefinder camerasL: Leica full-frame and APS-C format mirrorless camerasLeica S: Leica medium format DSLRsLeica SL: Leica full-frame mirrorless cameras

What he learned—the results were published last April—is that getting stung on the balls isn't the most painful. It's only the fourth most painful, with a pain rating of 7.0. The most painful place to get a bee sting? Your nose, with a rating of 9.0. Second place went to the upper lip, with an 8.7 rating. In other words, you should have more sympathy for someone with a fat lip than somebody clutching their balls.

Not entirely. Dr. Andrew Kramer, a urologist at the University of Maryland Medical Center, says the ball-squeezing underwear "might be pretty reasonable. It looks comfortable to me. However it's nothing different than the standard Under Armour tight underwear would provide or just a simple jockstrap."

Lenses with a wide maximum aperture (e.g., f/1.8 or f/2.8) are called ‘fast’ because they let in lots of light and allow fast shutter speeds to be used.

This guide to camera lenses explains the most important features of a lens, including lens mount, compatibility, focal length aperture, stabilisation and more.

What happened? And do guys worry too much about protecting their balls? Maybe our testicles are more resilient than we think. For those answers and more, we bring you this helpful FAQ.

Most camera manufacturers use lens mounts that are specific to their cameras, but Micro Four Third and L-mounts are shared between a few manufacturers.

Why can't I get Comfyballs in the U.S.? This is the land of the free, right? We're not free enough to buy ball-comforting underwear?

A lens’s focal length is the distance in millimetres between its optical centre when it is focused on infinity and the sensor or film inside the camera. The optical centre of a modern lens isn’t easy to identify because the barrel conceals several lens elements.

The meaning of TRANSMISSION GRATING is a grating with opaque lines on a transparent background.

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This Nikon Nikkor Z MC 50mm F2.8 is a prime lens. As it produces framing similar to the human eye, 50mm lenses are often called ‘standard’ or ‘normal’ lenses.

Aperture value is calculated by dividing the focal length (f) by the aperture diameter in millimetres. As a result, an aperture of f/1.8 is larger than an aperture of f/2.8, and f/2.8 is larger than f/5.6 etc.

The iris blades inside a lens close to form an aperture through which light passes. The size of the aperture determines how much light passes through the lens to the film or sensor.

For example, a full-frame lens is designed to project an image across a sensor that's the same size as a 35mm film frame. If this lens is then mounted on an APS-C format camera, the smaller sensor only occupies a part of the image produced by the lens.

Canon EF: Canon full-frame and APS-C DSLRsCanon EF-S: Canon APS-C DSLRsCanon RF: Canon full-frame and APS-C mirrorless camerasCanon RF-S: Canon APS-C and full-frame mirrorless cameras