Mtf curveexample

Because of the unpredictable delivery reliability of CS-mount lenses, we do not carry this standard in our online store. However, we do provide them for volume projects starting from 100 pieces per year. Typically, the prices for these lenses range between 8 and 25 euros per unit. Moreover, we offer customization options for the iris. If you're interested in acquiring these lenses, please inform us.

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Mtf curveexplained

The red curve is the spatial response of the bar pattern to the film + lens. The blue curve is the combined MTF, i.e., the spatial frequency response of the film + lens, expressed in percentage of low frequency response, indicated on the scale on the left. (It goes over 100% (102).) The thin blue dashed curve is the MTF of the lens only.

How is MTF related to lines per millimeter resolution? The old resolution measurement— distinguishable lp/mm— corresponds roughly to spatial frequencies where MTF is between 5% and 2% (0.05 to 0.02). This number varies with the observer, most of whom stretch it as far as they can. An MTF of 9% is implied in the definition of the Rayleigh diffraction limit.

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Mtf curveangle

Durability: Designed for industrial environments, C-mount lenses can withstand tough conditions like vibrations and temperature extremes.

The figure below represents a sine pattern (pure frequencies) with spatial frequencies from 2 to 200 cycles (line pairs) per mm on a 0.5 mm strip of film. The top half of the sine pattern has uniform contrast. The bottom half illustrates the effects of Provia 100F on the MTF. Pattern contrast drops to half at 42 cycles/mm.

Secure Mounting: Strong and stable attachment between the lens and camera is ensured by the screw-threaded connection, ideal for applications requiring stability.

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However, CS-mount lenses are often cheaper as they use fewer glass elements. Both types support a maximum sensor size of 1.1", so they're not suitable for larger sensors found in high resolution cameras, which may require a different lens mount, such as the F-mount.

Most of us are familiar with the frequency of sound, which is perceived as pitch and measured in cycles per second, now called Hertz. Audio components— amplifiers, loudspeakers, etc.— are characterized by frequency response curves. MTF is also a frequency response, except that it involves spatial frequency— cycles (line pairs) per distance (millimeters or inches) instead of time. The mathematics is the same. The plots on these pages have spatial frequencies that increase continuously from left to right. High spatial frequencies correspond to fine image detail. The response of photographic components (film, lenses, scanners, etc.) tends to roll off at high spatial frequencies. These components can be thought of as lowpass filters— filters that pass low frequencies and attenuate high frequencies.

In terms of compatibility, the C-mount standard is more widely used, offering a broader selection of lenses from various makers. C-mount lenses are versatile, working with both C-mount and CS-mount cameras.

MTFlens

This makes CS-mount lenses well-suited for embedded vision applications where space is limited, such as in surveillance cameras and some machine vision systems.

The sharpness of a photographic imaging system or of a component of the system (lens, film, image sensor, scanner, enlarging lens, etc.) is characterized by a parameter called Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), also known as spatial frequency response. We present a unique visual explanation of MTF and how it relates to image quality. A sample is shown on the right. The top is a target composed of bands of increasing spatial frequency, representing 2 to 200 line pairs per mm (lp/mm) on the image plane. Below you can see the cumulative effects of the lens, film, lens+film, scanner and sharpening algorithm, based on accurate computer models derived from published data. If this interests you, read on. It gets a little technical, but I try hard to keep it readable.

Because of this difference, you can't directly attach C-mount lenses to a CS-mount camera. However, you can use C-mount lenses on a CS-mount camera by using a 5mm adapter ring. The shorter FFD of CS-mount lenses makes them incompatible with C-mount cameras.

Modulation transfer function

Need more info or have some questions about C-mount of CS-mount lenses? Fill out the form below and our team will be happy to assist you.

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Contrast levels from 100% to 2% are illustrated on the right for a variable frequency sine pattern. Contrast is moderately attenuated for MTF = 50% and severely attenuated for MTF = 10%. The 2% pattern is visible only because viewing conditions are favorable: it is surrounded by neutral gray, it is noiseless (grainless), and the display contrast for CRTs and most LCD displays is relatively high. It could easily become invisible under less favorable conditions.

The main difference between C-mount and CS-mount is the flange focal distance (FFD), which is the distance between the lens mounting surface and the image sensor. C-mount has an FFD of 17.526 mm, while CS-mount has a shorter FFD of 12.5 mm.

Film imaging systems consist of a lens, film, developer, scanner, image editor, and printer (for digital prints) or lens, film, developer, enlarging lens, and paper (for traditional darkroom prints). Digital camera-based imaging systems consist of a lens, digital image sensor, de-mosaicing program, image editor, and printer. Each of these components has a characteristic frequency response; MTF is merely its name in photography. The beauty of working in frequency domain is that the response of the entire system (or group of components) can be calculated by multiplying the responses of each component.

When choosing between C-mount and CS-mount for a machine vision application, the key considerations are the available space, the required lens characteristics, and the desired cost-effectiveness. C-mount offers a wider selection of lenses and is more versatile, while CS-mount is better suited for compact designs and cost-sensitive applications.

You can attach a C-mount lens to a CS-mount camera by using a 5mm adapter ring. This ring fills the gap caused by the shorter flange distance in CS-mount cameras, ensuring proper focusing of the C-mount lens.

The image above represents only 0.5 mm of film, but takes up around 5 inches (13 cm) on my monitor. At this magnification (260x), a full frame 35mm image (24x36mm) would be 240 inches (6.2 meters) high and 360 inches (9.2 meters) wide. A bit excessive, but if you stand back from the screen you'll get an feeling for the effects of the lens, film, scanner (or digital camera), and sharpening on real images.

The edges in the bar pattern have been broadened, and there are small peaks on either side of the edges. The shape of the edge is inversely related to the MTF response: the more extended the MTF response, the sharper (or narrower) the edge. The mid-frequency boost of the MTF response is related to the small peaks on either side of the edges.

C-mount and CS-mount are two common lens mounts used in machine vision. They're similar in many ways, but there are important differences to consider when choosing the right one for your machine vision setup.

We have a large portfolio of machine vision lenses available online. Additionally, we offer some custom solutions for lenses, ensuring you find the best fit for your machine vision system. Explore our portfolio of machine vision cameras, where the standard mount is C-mount, but we also provide options to select CS-mount or S-mount(M12 mount) in some models.

MTFformula

The essential meaning of MTF is rather simple. Suppose you have a pattern consisting of a pure tone (a sine wave). At frequencies where the MTF of an imaging system or a component (film, lens, etc.) is 100%, the pattern is unattenuated— it retains full contrast. At the frequency where MTF is 50%, the contrast half its original value, and so on. MTF is usually normalized to 100% at very low frequencies. But it can go above 100% with interesting results.

Standard Depth of Field (DOF) scales on lenses are based on the assumption, made in the 1930s, that the smallest feature of importance, viewed at 25 cm, is 0.01 inches— 3 times larger. It shouldn't be a surprise that focus isn't terribly sharp at the DOF limits. See the DOF page for more details.

Mtf curvechart

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MTFOptics

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Additional explanations of human visual acuity can be found on pages from the Nondestructive testing resource center and Stanford University. Page 3 from Stanford has a plot of the MTF of the human eye. I believe the x-axis units (CPD) are Cycles per Degree, where a pair of 1/60 degree features corresponds to 30 CPD.

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The shorter FFD of the CS-mount allows for more compact camera designs, as the lens can be positioned closer to the sensor.

The statement that the eye cannot distinguish features smaller than one minute of an arc is, of course, oversimplified. The eye has an MTF response, just like any other optical component. It is illustrated on the right from the Handout #9: Human Visual Perception from Stanford University course EE368B - Image and Video Compression by Professor Bernd Girod. The horizontal axis is angular frequency in cycles per degree (CPD). MTF is shown for pupil sizes from 2 mm (bright lighting; f/8), to 5.8 mm (dim lighting; f/2.8). At 30 CPD, corresponding to a one minute of an arc feature size, MTF drops from 0.4 for the 2 mm pupil to 0.16 for the 5.8 mm pupil. (Now you know your eye's f-stop range. It's similar to compact digital cameras.) Another Stanford page has Matlab computer models of the eye's MTF.

At a distance d from the eye (which has a nominal focal length of 16.5 mm), this corresponds to objects of length = (angle in radians)*d = 0.000291*d. For example, for an object viewed at a distance of 25 cm (about 10 inches), the distance you might use for close scrutiny of an 8x10 inch photographic print, this would correspond to 0.0727 mm = 0.0029 inches. Since a line pair corresponds to two lines of this size, the corresponding spatial frequency is 6.88 lp/mm or 175 lp/inch. Assume now that the image was printed from a 35mm frame enlarged 8x. The corresponding spatial frequency on the film would be 55 lp/mm.

This means that for an 8x10 inch print, the MTF of a 35mm camera (lens + film, etc.) above 55 lp/mm, or the MTF of a digital camera above 2800 LW/PH (Line Widths per Picture Height) measured by Imatest SFR, has no effect on the appearance of the print. That's why the highest spatial frequencies used in manufacturer's MTF charts is typically 40 lp/mm, which provides an excellent indication of a lens's perceived sharpness in an 8x10 inch print enlarged 8x. Of course higher spatial frequencies are of interest for larger prints.

Versatility: C-mount lenses work with a wide range of image sensors, making them compatible with various machine vision cameras.

Unfortunately, directly mounting a CS-mount lens onto a C-mount camera is not feasible. The shorter design of the CS-mount lens prevents it from reaching the correct focal point due to the additional space in a C-mount camera.