When you go to purchase an ND filter often it is going to have an ND number that will say something like nd2, nd4, nd8, nd16.

One question you probably have is why and in what situations would you want to reduce the amount of light coming into your camera sensor.

So, ND500 sounds like a lot, but it'd be the same as stacking an ND16 and an ND32 (16 x 32 = 512; manufacturers round it to 500).

Every frisky feline loves playing with her laser pointer, right? Not always. Laser pointers can be a good option for kitty cardio and human laughs, but they might leave your cat feeling frustrated and wanting to pounce on the next best thing (like your feet). This has us wondering, "Are laser pointers bad for cats?"

"Cats feel their happiest and most confident when they feel like predators," Bell explains. So, yes, they can love the thrill of hunting the laser pointer light. But, as we all know, your cat can never actually capture the red dot and fun could quickly become frustration.

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(iii) Constant incidence angle: Equation (1) gives β directly. (iv) Constant focal distance (of a plane grating): cosβ cosα. = a constant cff ,.

A stop is an arbitrary amount of light. If you have a shutter speed that’s twice as long as one before. You’re letting in twice the amount of light that is one stop. ND filters are rated in the amount of light that they reduce coming into the lens. so if we say this is an ND filter with the one-stop intensity that means it would let in half the amount of light as it did before and this is how ND filters are rated. So they have different intensities from 1-9 or 10,000?

Molly DeVoss, CFTBS, CCBC, FFCT, CRM, is the founder of Cat Behavior Solutions and her cat Pico de Gato doesn't always need a toy to enjoy play. "My cat and I play hide-and-seek! He follows me around the house and when I go into another room, I look back at him, make eye contact, then dart behind the wall or door," DeVoss shares. "He always knows where I am, but he likes to jump out and 'get' me." To complete the predatory sequence, reward your avid hunter with a treat once he finds his prey—aka you!

When to use anND filterfor video

But, she adds, this doesn't mean you need to toss your cat's favorite laser pointer in the trash. "If you always follow laser pointer time with wand toy time, your cat will be able to physically catch the 'prey' they've been hunting and feel satisfied," Bell says. "Another little trick I love is aiming the laser at a treat at the end of wand toy playtime. Then they can eat their 'prey!'"

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ND filters come in different strengths or darkness levels. For the photographer, the easiest way is to have ND filters that tell you how many stops of light they will darken your exposure. Most brands of ND filters label the ND filters with either a factor number or optical density number. But for the photographer, neither of them is referred to the number of stops by which the light is reduced.

Ready to ditch the laser and try something new with your feline? We asked fear-free certified cat behavior experts to share their tried-and-true ways to play with cats in place of the laser pointer.

How many stopsND filterfor video

Whichever mode of play you and your cat choose, experts recommend following playtime with mealtime. "This helps complete the predatory cycle of 'hunt, catch, kill, eat' and helps them feel as satisfied as they can be", Bell says.

1 stop, 2 stops, 3 stops, etc. Sometimes these are referred to as EVs, for exposure value. These are probably the most convenient measurement because they tell you how many stops they'll adjust your exposure by.

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2x, 4x, 8x, etc. Sometimes these are referred to as ND2, ND4, ND8, and so on. These refer to the amount by which the light is diminished. An ND2 filter halves the light, while an ND8 filter reduces it to one-eighth.

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Janelle is a cat mum to two resident adventure kitties, Lyra and Atlas, and numerous cat and kitten fosters. Janelle and her furry family enjoy filling their days with hiking, kayaking, and seeking out the best cat-friendly destinations around the Pacific Northwest. You can follow Janelle, her adventure kitties, and adoptable fosters at @paws_pdx.

Video shooting with wide aperture lenses outside is another application if you want to shoot in a 2.8 or even wider. you are doing the day when it's very bright. way too much light coming into the camera kind of locked into our shutter speed. You cannot turn the ISO down further and that is a problem you can't solve without an ND filter. many high-end video cameras have ND filters built into them.

Amy Shojai has championed cats and dogs for over 40 years. As one of the best known pet journalists, her career focuses on empowering pet lovers to make the best informed choices for their cats and dogs. She enjoys translating complicated "medicalese" into information everyone easily understands, to improve the lives of cats and dogs we love.

That will work as long as the focus gear doesn't have a heavy pull. If it's a really hard rotation then sometimes the follow focus will rotate ...

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ND filterchart

DeVoss is a fan of motion-activated toys for solo play when the humans are away—and joins the thousands of reviewers who say their cats are obsessed with the popular Potaroma Flopping Fish Cat Toy. When choosing a motion-activated toy for your cat, she says, look for one that allows your cat to catch and bite it.

It seems that cat experts agree—wand time is the best method of play when it comes to replicating prey. "My absolute favorite wand toy that most cats love is Da Bird," says Shannen McNee, CCBC from the Toronto Humane Society. "It makes a really cool fluttering sound and movement when you 'fly' it around in the air that your cat will go crazy for!"

As for automatic toys with lasers, Bell says they're just not safe. A curious feline approaching the toy could look right at the light or a sporadic beam could shine into her eye, potentially causing permanent damage.

VariableND Filter

The ND filter is a filter that, placed before the lens reduces the amount of light reaching the camera's sensor. It acts like a pair of sunglasses to your lens.

ND Filterfor Mobile

So if you have an ND filter with strength or intensity of 2 all you need to do is turn it into a fraction by putting a 1 above it. So ND filter of 2 is going to let in half the amount of light. An ND filter of 4 is going to let in 1/4 amount of light and so on. So if it’s a 3 stops reduction, it will let in 1/8. if it’s a four-stop reduction so it’s an ND 16 it’s going to let in 1/16. if it’s an ND filter then reduce it by 5 stops that would be an ND 32 . and that’s going to let in a fraction of 1/32. and so on and so forth.

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If you're not sure if your cat has become frustrated when playing with her laser pointer, you're not alone. "Cats are quite subtle with their body language and sometimes play mode body language looks quite similar to annoyed body language," Bell says.

It depends, says cat behavior expert Samantha Bell. With a few simple tweaks, playing with a laser pointer doesn't need to end in anxious feelings for your cat. Here's Bell's breakdown of why laser pointers can be bad for cats and how to make laser pointer play fun and enriching. Plus, fear-free certified experts share their favorite methods of play with cats in place of the never-ending red-light saga.

Cats have an inherent predatory drive, and the little red light has just the stuff to ramp up their feisty instincts. Lasers can slither up walls, rapidly change speed, and zigzag every which way. It looks like living prey to your huntress and kickstarts your cat's predatory sequence (stalk, capture, kill, eat).

For example, the long exposure shots like if you’re shooting a river or a stream or waterfall and you want to get that misty look. An ND filter is a spectacular way to go. However, it might be confusing in terms of the grade of ND filter you have. You have to know how dark it will get and the problem is these nomenclatures are used interchangeably so let’s just dive into the chart.

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The neutral density (ND) filter is one of the basic gears that should be included in every landscape photographer’s camera backpack. Many beginners may don’t know how, where, and when to use them. In this article, we will introduce some basic knowledge about it.

Again if you’re trying to go with a very very wide aperture on a sunny day well cameras have sync speed limits which means you cannot really use super-fast shutter speed and so one of the best ways to manage that is to lower the amount of light coming in-camera through an ND filter.

Because your cat can't catch and "kill" the laser pointer light, she can't complete the predatory sequence. This, Bell says, could leave your cat feeling unsatisfied. "If a cat is riled up in predator mode, has been "hunting" the laser, and isn't provided something appropriate to attack or bite, they may attack the closest thing to them that moves—like you or another pet."

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