If this photon (possessing a certain energy and phase) should encounter another atom that has an electron in the same excited state, stimulated emission can occur. The first photon can stimulate or induce atomic emission such that the subsequent emitted photon (from the second atom) vibrates with the same frequency and direction as the incoming photon.

HID bulbs are relatively fragile. Perhaps more importantly, broken HID bulbs require special handling and disposal due to hazardous materials like mercury inside of many lights.

­But lasers play a pivotal role in our everyday lives, too. The fact is, they show up in an amazing range of products and technologies. You'll find them in everything from CD players to dental drills to high-speed metal cutting mac­hines to measuring systems. Tattoo removal, hair replacement, eye surgery — they all use lasers.

Solid-state lasers have lasing material distributed in a solid matrix (such as the ruby or neodymium:yttrium-aluminum garnet "Yag" lasers). The neodymium-Yag laser emits infrared light at 1,064 nanometers (nm). A nanometer is 1x10-9 meters.

CRI for LED is highly dependent on the particular light in question. That said, a very broad spectrum of CRI values is available ranging generally from 65-95.

There are many different types of lasers. The laser medium can be a solid, gas, liquid or semiconductor. Lasers are commonly designated by the type of lasing material employed.

The photon that any atom releases has a certain wavelength that is dependent on the energy difference between the excited state and the ground state.

Back lights are used in a wide variety of machine vision applications to provide contrast for part inspection or robot orientation.

Lightbulb

HIDs require a noticeable warm-up time that varies depending on the light. HID lights in automobiles take roughly half a second to power up while HID lights for sporting stadiums might take several minutes to arrive at maximum brightness.

Considering the upside you might think that LED lights are a no-brainer. While this is increasingly becoming the case, there are still a few tradeoffs that need to be made when you choose LED:

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HIDs are very efficient compared to CFL and incandescent lights (120 lumens/watt source efficiency). They lose out to LEDs principally because their system efficiency is much lower (<30 lumens/watt) due to all of the losses associated with omnidirectional light output and the need to redirect it to a desired area. By far the most efficient HID variant is the High Pressure Sodium lamp whose source efficiency can range from 100-190 lumens/watt.

high-intensity light bulbs for cars

Lasers are utilized in industry and research to do many things, including using intense laser light to excite other molecules to observe what happens to them.

LED has virtually zero maintenance costs and the frequency with which bulbs have to be changed out is by far the best on the market.

HID emits a lot of UV radiation. So much so that special filters are required to prevent fading of dyed surfaces exposed to HID light, serious damage to light fixtures, and/or even serious harm to human beings and animals (e.g. serious sunburn or arc eye).

Example: For an M Plan Apo 100X lens (NA = 0.7), and light wavelength of 0.55μm, the depth of focus of this objective is 0.55/(2 x 0.72) = 0.6µm. □ Principal ...

In general, the atoms are excited to a level that is two or three levels above the ground state. This increases the degree of population inversion. The population inversion is the number of atoms in the excited state versus the number in ground state.

There are only about 100 different kinds of atoms in the entire universe. Everything we see is made up of these 100 atoms in an unlimited number of combinations. How these atoms are arranged and bonded together determines whether the atoms make up a cup of water, a piece of metal, or the fizz that comes out of your soda can.

Incandescent lightbulb

Dye lasers use complex organic dyes, such as rhodamine 6G, in liquid solution or suspension as lasing media. They are tunable over a broad range of wavelengths.

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Common applications for HID lighting include sports stadiums or gymnasiums, warehouses, large public areas (which require powerful, efficient lights over a large area), road lighting (which frequently utilize low and high pressure sodium lights), and parking lots. For an interesting take on the history of street lighting in the United States read here. HID is also used in automotive lighting and indoor gardening.

A cascade effect occurs, and soon we have propagated many, many photons of the same wavelength and phase. The mirror at one end of the laser is "half-silvered," meaning it reflects some light and lets some light through. The light that makes it through is the laser light.

Other lasers, such as diode lasers, are very weak and are used in today’s pocket laser pointers. These lasers typically emit a red beam of light that has a wavelength between 630 nm and 680 nm.

Additionally, HIDs bring with them a myriad of potential problems. Amongst the major items include repetitive maintenance and replacement costs both in parts and labor (HIDs have a much shorter lifespan than LEDs), potentially hazardous waste (internal mercury) and dangerous emissions (UV) in the event that the bulb is broken or the casing experiences some type of failure, and small things like required warm-up times, inability to effectively dim, and typically shorter warranty coverage.

High intensitydischarge lamp

LEDs can be extremely small (less than 2mm in some cases) and they can be scaled to a much larger size. All in all this makes the applications in which LEDs can be used extremely diverse.

Atoms are constantly in motion. They continuously vibrate, move and rotate. Even the atoms that make up the chairs that we sit in are moving around. Solids are actually in motion! Atoms can be in different states of excitation. In other words, they can have different energies. If we apply a lot of energy to an atom, it can leave what is called the ground-state energy level and go to an excited level. The level of excitation depends on the amount of energy that is applied to the atom via heat, light, or electricity.

LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. A diode is an electrical device or component with two electrodes (an anode and a cathode) through which electricity flows - characteristically in only one direction (in through the anode and out through the cathode). Diodes are generally made from semiconductive materials such as silicon or selenium - solid state substances that conduct electricity in some circumstances and not in others (e.g. at certain voltages, current levels, or light intensities). When current passes through the semiconductor material the device emits visible light. It is very much the opposite of a photovoltaic cell (a device that converts visible light into electrical current).

Laser pointers work through the principles of light amplification and stimulated emission. Inside a laser diode, which is designed to produce a concentrated beam, a process called light amplification occurs. This process involves exciting atoms or molecules, causing them to release photons, which are particles of light. This release of photons is known as stimulated emission, and it creates a synchronized and coherent beam of laser light.

A ruby laser (depicted earlier) is a solid-state laser and emits at a wavelength of 694 nm. Other lasing mediums can be selected based on the desired emission wavelength (see table below), power needed and pulse duration.

HID bulbs can be small but typically aren’t produced below roughly a centimeter in width. The size of the lamps is limited by the wattage and light output required for a given application.

In this article, you'll learn all about the different types of lasers, their different wavelengths and the uses to which we put them (like laser pointers). But first, let's start with the fundament­als of laser technology by explaining the basics of an atom.

Anything that produces light — fluorescent lights, gas lanterns, incandescent bulbs — does it through the action of electrons changing orbits and releasing photons.

It's important to note that laser pointers also emit unconverted infrared laser light, which is invisible to the human eye. Manufacturers include filters to block most of this invisible light, but it is essential to handle laser pointers responsibly and avoid pointing them at reflective surfaces or anyone's eyes.

Once an electron moves to a higher-energy orbit, it eventually wants to return to the ground state. When it does, it releases its energy as a photon — a particle of light.

Matthew Weschler holds an MS degree in Physical Organic Chemistry from Florida State University. His thesis topic was picosecond laser spectroscopy, and he studied how molecules react picoseconds after being bombarded by laser light.

HID bulbs require regular relamping and ballast replacement in addition to the labor cost to monitor and replace aging or expired components.

Although there are many types of lasers, all have certain essential features. In a laser, the lasing medium is “pumped” to get the atoms into an excited state. Typically, very intense flashes of light or electrical discharges pump the lasing medium and create a large collection of excited-state atoms (atoms with higher-energy electrons). It is necessary to have a large collection of atoms in the excited state for the laser to work efficiently.

LED’s ability to withstand colder temperatures without a compromise in lighting performance is an advantage in winter weather conditions, particularly for outdoor lighting application. Since the light generated from LEDs occurs from electroluminescence, the colder temperatures do not result in an extended “warm-up time” and as a result the light generation is almost instantaneous. LEDs also produce significantly less forward heat then HID lighting. This is typically a positive, however, for the unique case of application with traffic lights, there is a small potential that snow can accumulate on the bulbs. In reality, however, this is generally not an issue due to the use of visors and/or proper orientation of the light within a fixture that shields it from the elements.

This simple atom consists of a nucleus (containing the protons and neutrons) and an electron cloud. It's helpful to think of the electrons in this cloud circling the nucleus in many different orbits.

Sometimes called diode lasers, these are not solid-state lasers. These electronic devices are generally very small and use low power. They may be built into larger arrays, such as the writing source in some laser printers or CD players.

HIDs exhibit an end-of-life phenomenon known as cycling where the lamp goes on and off without human input prior to eventually failing entirely.

Roughly 30% of the emissions from HID lights are in the infrared spectrum (thus completely useless for the purposes of regular illumination)

LEDs are very efficient relative to every lighting type on the market. Typical source efficiency ranges 37 and 120 lumens/watt. Where LEDs really shine, however, is in their system efficiency (the amount of light that actually reaches the target area after all losses are accounted for). Most values for LED system efficiency fall above 50 lumens/watt.

LEDs are a simple invention with huge potential to change the lighting industry for the better. While the technology has been gradually adopted, it is advancing rapidly and already beats the competition in many if not most applications.

The two different technologies are entirely different methods of producing light. HID bulbs contain inert gas within the glass casing while LEDs are a solid state technology. HIDs emit a lot of heat and a large portion of their emissions fall in both the IR and UV spectrum. LEDs emit across a small portion of the visible light spectrum and don’t waste energy by producing waste heat or non-visible electromagnetic radiation. There is such a thing as an IRED (infrared emitting diode) which is specifically designed to emit infrared energy.

The photon emitted has a very specific wavelength (color) that depends on the state of the electron's energy when the photon is released. Two identical atoms with electrons in identical states will release photons with identical wavelengths.

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Helium and helium-neon, HeNe, are the most common gas lasers. They have a primary output of visible red light. CO2 lasers emit energy in the far-infrared, and are used for cutting hard materials.

HID is relatively cheap to purchase but it is relatively expensive to maintain. HID bulbs will likely need to be purchased several times and the associated labor costs will need to be paid in order to attain the equivalent lifespan of a single LED light.

Once the lasing medium is pumped, it contains a collection of atoms with some electrons sitting in excited levels. The excited electrons have energies greater than the more relaxed electrons. Just as the electron absorbed some amount of energy to reach this excited level, it can also release this energy. The electron can simply relax, and in turn rid itself of some energy. This emitted energy comes in the form of photons (light energy).

LEDs last longer than any light source commercially available on the market. Lifespans are variable but typical values range from 25,000 hours to 200,000 hours or more before a lamp or fixture requires replacement.

Source vs system efficiency is the main reason. So what is source efficiency versus system efficiency? HID lights are very efficient when measured at the source (lumens/watt). This measurement, however, does not take into account the amount of light that actually hits the target area (system efficiency). System efficiency is affected by a myriad of factors that include losses due to trapped light, protective covers or lenses, non-standard operating temperatures, and losses due to power conversion. System efficiency for HID lights is generally only 25% of the source efficiency, as compared to LED lights (whose system efficiency is closer to 50% of the source efficiency). The result is a much more effective light in the case of LEDs.

LED light costs are high but variable depending on the specifications. The typical 100W-equivalent LED light costs somewhere between $10 and $20.

LED lighting has relatively high initial costs and low lifetime costs. The technology pays the investor back over time (the payback period). The major payback comes primarily from reduced maintenance costs over time (dependent on labor costs) and secondarily from energy efficiency improvements (dependent on electricity costs).

Derived from the terms "excited" and "dimers," these types of lasers use reactive gases, such as chlorine and fluorine, mixed with inert gases such as argon, krypton or xenon. When electrically stimulated, a pseudo molecule (dimer) is produced. When lased, the dimer produces light in the ultraviolet range.

We couldn’t find any objective data on HID bulb performance in high temperature situations. If you have any information please contact us.

Metal halide

Ever wonder what’s better: High Intensity Discharge (HID) lights or Light Emitting Diodes (led lighting)? Well here’s a head-to-head comparison of the two followed by an in-depth discussion of each technology in turn.

LEDs emit very little forward heat. The only real potential downside to this is when LEDs are used for outdoor lighting in wintery conditions. Snow falling on traditional lights like HID will melt when it comes into contact with the light. This is usually overcome with LEDs by covering the light with a visor or facing the light downward towards the ground.

HID lights have good lifespan relative to some bulbs but not compared to LED. Typical lifespan values range from 6,000 hours to 24,000 hours before a bulb requires replacement. Note: sometimes HID lights need to be changed out before the end of their useful life to preempt serious degradation effects like color changes or cycling.

Laser light is monochromatic, meaning it contains only one specific color or wavelength. It is also coherent, with all the photons moving in sync with each other. This coherence gives laser light its focused nature, allowing it to travel over long distances without significant divergence.

Lasers are classified into four broad areas depending on the potential for causing biological damage. When you see a laser, it should be labeled with one of these four class designations:

Photons, with a very specific wavelength and phase, reflect off the mirrors to travel back and forth through the lasing medium. In the process, they stimulate other electrons to make the downward energy jump and can cause the emission of more photons of the same wavelength and phase.

HID lamp color temperatures are determined by the materials used to generate the light. High Pressure Sodium, Metal Halide, and Mercury Vapor all utilize different chemical compositions to generate light and have specific color temperatures associated with the composition within their bulb.

HID lights can be manually dimmed through the use of different electric or magnetic ballast but the process changes the voltage input to the light and can consequently alter the light characteristics. In some cases (particularly with older HID bulbs) dimming can cause the light to prematurely expire. Otherwise HID bulbs cannot be dimmed.

In particular, LED lights are relatively expensive. The up-front costs of an LED lighting project are typically greater than most of the alternatives. This is by far the biggest downside that needs to be considered. That said, the price of LEDs are rapidly decreasing and as they continue to be adopted en masse the price will continue to drop.

LED is available in a wide range of color temperatures that generally span from 2200K-6000K (ranging from yellow to light blue). LEDs generally have better color temperature options than HID.

HID technology has been around for several centuries and is typically used when high intensity, high efficiency, or lighting over a vast area is required. New HID lamps produce more visible light per unit of energy than both incandescent and fluorescent lamps because a smaller proportion of the energy emitted is in the infrared spectrum (i.e. more is in the visible light spectrum). Generally speaking they are efficient and produce a high quality light.

"Star Wars," "Star Trek," "Battlestar Galactica" — laser technology plays a pivotal role in science fiction movies and books. It's no doubt thanks to these sorts of stories that we now associate lasers with futuristic warfare and sleek spaceships.

HID lights require a noticeable warm up period that ranges from half a second in the case of car lights to several minutes in the case of stadium lighting. They may also flicker or cycle on and off as the bulb reaches the end of its useful life.

A ruby laser consists of a flash tube (like you would have on a camera), a ruby rod and two mirrors (one half-silvered). The ruby rod is the lasing medium, and the flash tube pumps it.

But what is a laser? What makes a laser beam different from the beam of a flashlight? Specifically, what makes a laser light different from other kinds of light? How are lasers classified?

LEDs are very efficient relative to every lighting type on the market. Typical source efficiency ranges 37 and 120 lumens/watt. Where LEDs really shine, however, is in their system efficiency (the amount of light that actually reaches the target area after all losses are accounted for). Most values for LED system efficiency fall above 50 lumens/watt.

HID lights also experience efficiency losses as the device ages and additional current is required to achieve the same lighting output. Efficiency losses are greater and the degradation time shorter in the case of HID.

HID bulb costs depend on the specific type of HID light. HPS lights are relatively cheap ($5-$10 for a 100W bulb) while a 100W mercury vapor light typically costs around $15. A 100W Metal Halide light costs somewhere between $10 and $30 per bulb depending on the specifications.

100 Degrees Celsius. LEDs are fine for all normal operating temperatures both indoors and outdoors. They do, however, show degraded performance at significantly high temperatures and they require significant heat sinking, especially when in proximity to other sensitive components.

To make these three properties occur takes something called stimulated emission. This does not occur in your ordinary flashlight — in a flashlight, all of the atoms release their photons randomly. In stimulated emission, photon emission is organized.

Define Focale. Focale synonyms, Focale pronunciation, Focale translation, English dictionary definition of Focale. adj. 1. Of or relating to a focus. 2.

HIDs are very efficient compared to CFL and incandescent lights (120 lumens/watt source efficiency). They lose out to LEDs principally because their system efficiency is much lower (<30 lumens/watt) due to all of the losses associated with omnidirectional light output and the need to redirect it to a desired area. By far the most efficient HID variant is the High Pressure Sodium lamp whose source efficiency can range from 100-190 lumens/watt.

The first practical use of LEDs was in circuit boards for computers. Since then they have gradually expanded their applications to include traffic lights, lighted signs, and more recently, indoor and outdoor lighting. Much like HID, modern LED lights are a wonderful solution for gymnasiums, warehouses, large public areas (which require powerful, efficient lights over a large area), road lighting (which offer significant color advantages over low and high pressure sodium lights), and parking lots. For an interesting take on the history of street lighting in the United States read here.

HID Lamps require that the materials within the lamp reach a certain temperature (often very high) in order for the actual light to be generated. In colder temperatures it can take longer for the lamps to reach those optimal temperatures, resulting in longer “warm-up” times and on certain occasions a shortened operational life time. However, since HID bulbs produce significant forward heat, they have the advantage of melting snow that may build up in horizontal lighting applications by virtue of being turned on.

A laser is a device that controls the way that energized atoms release photons. "Laser" is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, which describes very succinctly how a laser works.

You see atoms releasing energy as photons all the time. For example, when the heating element in a toaster turns bright red, the red color is caused by atoms, excited by heat, releasing red photons. When you see a picture on a TV screen, what you are seeing is phosphor atoms, excited by high-speed electrons, emitting different colors of light.

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Typical CRI values range from extremely low in the case of low and high pressure sodium lamps (0-25) to moderate in the case of metal halide lamps (60). Some HID lights may reach CRI as high as the mid 90s.

Halogen lamp

HIDs emit a lot of heat. In some circumstances this could be beneficial, however, it is a generally a bad thing as heat losses represent energy inefficiencies. The ultimate purpose of the device is to emit light, not heat.

Consider the illustration from the previous section. Although more modern views of the atom do not depict discrete orbits for the electrons, it can be useful to think of these orbits as the different energy levels of the atom.

LED efficiency drops as current increases. Heat output also increases with additional current which decreases the lifetime of the device. The overall performance drop is relatively low, however, when compared to HID.

Some lasers are very powerful, such as the CO2 laser, which can cut through steel. The CO2 laser is so dangerous is because it emits laser light in the infrared and microwave region of the spectrum. Infrared radiation is heat, and this laser basically melts through whatever it is focused upon.

LEDs produce a very narrow spectrum of visible light without the losses to irrelevant radiation types (IR or UV) associated with conventional lighting.

In other words, if we apply some heat to an atom, we might expect that some of the electrons in the lower-energy orbitals would transition to higher-energy orbitals farther away from the nucleus.This is a highly simplified view of things, but it actually reflects the core idea of how atoms work in terms of lasers.

LEDs are an ideal light for purposely turning on and off because they respond rather instantaneously (there is no warm up or cool down period). They produce steady light without flicker.

Foot candle is a measure that describes the amount of light reaching a specified surface area as opposed to the total amount of light coming from a source (luminous flux).

The major advantage of HIDs is that in some cases (particularly with low and high pressure sodium bulbs) the initial purchase price will be much lower. Typically LEDs make up for their higher purchase price with reduced maintenance and energy costs across a specific payback period. Curious about payback period and return on investment analysis? Try our ROI calculator. Additionally, another specific tradeoff with LPS and HPS bulbs in particular is that they are monochromatic yellow with an abysmal Color Rendering Index (in other words, everything illuminated by them shows up yellow. You literally can’t see color when using LPS or HPS lighting).