As the name suggests, adjusting for reflective temperature lets you compensate for the temperature of surrounding objects that may be reflecting on the target object. Finally, thermal tuning your camera is the process of adjusting its temperature range while it's in manual mode. Once you've adjusted the camera to the desired range, it should always display that range. Be sure to adjust these four settings when taking a temperature measurement or when comparing the temperature of two objects.

Gratings with grooves that have a sawtooth profile (blazed gratings) exhibit a high diffraction efficiency for certain orders and wavelengths. In Fig. 5, light is directed at a reflective grating at angle Î± and light of wavelength λ is diffracted at angle Î². Here, Î± and Î² are the angles made with the normal to the grating and counterclockwise direction is taken as positive. Grating equation (2)' can be updated as the following relationship:

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Transmission grating

Also, consider the thermal-imaging camera's temperature range, which is the minimum and maximum temperature the camera can measure. The typical temperature range is minus 4 degrees Fahrenheit to 2,200 degrees Fahrenheit.

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Blazed grating

It's easy to get distracted with the features of a thermal-imaging camera, and many of those features offer valuable information. So, what should you look for in a thermal-imaging camera? The two most important features you should consider are the detector resolution and thermal sensitivity.

As mentioned previously, ease of use is why infrared thermography has become such a widely used tool for preventive maintenance. However, interpreting the data and understanding imager capabilities can lead to some common mistakes. These include:

Just like using a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera, to get the best thermal image out of your camera, you'll need to make adjustments. Consider adjusting the focus, emissivity setting, reflective temperature setting and thermal tuning. Emissivity refers to the amount of radiation an object is giving off compared to if both objects were the same temperature.

Since all objects above absolute zero (-459.67 degrees Fahrenheit) give off thermal infrared energy, thermal imagers can easily detect and display infrared wavelengths regardless of ambient light. A common example of this is using night-vision goggles to detect objects in the dark. Infrared thermography is commonly used in a variety of industries and applications including:

Infrared thermography is a highly recommended preventive maintenance tool in nearly all industries. You won't find another tool that gives you such accurate, real-time data without disrupting the process flow from shutting down your systems. Working infrared thermography into your regularly scheduled maintenance procedures is a great way to catch abnormalities in components and machines quickly. Using baseline thermography on new equipment or after repairing equipment will provide a set of thermal images to compare all other tests against and lets you more easily troubleshoot future issues.

This is called the "Littrow mounting". In our catalogs, the blaze wavelengths given for plane gratings are the blaze wavelengths for this configuration. Equation (12) is Substituted equation (11) for equation (10) and applied m to both sides.

diffraction grating中文

Infrared thermography is a valuable tool for condition monitoring and preventive maintenance. Not only does it allow you to detect thermal abnormalities of machines, but it lets you do so in a non-intrusive, hands-off way while still getting results in real-time. Thermographers usually employ one of three methods when performing thermal inspections: comparative, baseline and thermal trending. Determining which method to use comes down to the type of equipment you're testing and the type of data you want to see.

LightSmyth

An infrared thermometer in its most basic form consists of a lens that focuses the infrared thermal radiation onto a detector, which turns the radiant energy into a color-coded signal. Infrared thermometers are designed to measure temperature from a distance, preventing the need for contact with the object being measured. Today, there are a variety of infrared thermometer configurations for specific applications. Following is a look at three of the most common types of infrared thermometers.

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Establishing severity criteria on individual machines or components is based on a number of factors, including temperature rise vs. historical data, determining the rate of deterioration and time to failure, how critical the machine or component is to the overall process, safety, etc. Rises in temperature for critical machines, mechanical components, bearings, electrical supply and more are common applications used by thermographers to classify temperature severity or mechanical abnormalities.

Gratings can be classified into several different types according to the profile of the grooves. The respective features of three types of gratings manufactured by Shimadzu are described below

For example, for a groove density N of 600 grooves/mm and an incident angle α of 60°, in order to obtain first-order light with a wavelength of 300 nm, substiture λB = 300 nm in equation (13) to obtain λB(Litt) = 484 nm. In this case, then, select a grating for which λB(Litt) = 500 nm from the catalog. The blaze wavelengths given for concave gratings in catalog are the blaze wavelengths for the configuration (mounting) in the optical system used. The arrows on the gratings indicate the blaze direction and the relationship between the groove profile and this direction is shown in Fig. 6.

Qualitative inspections focus on the differences in temperature rather than actual temperatures. Nearly all (90 percent) industrial and mechanical applications for modern thermography are qualitative, but using quantitative measurements in tandem with qualitative measurements can help determine the severity of the condition as well as the problem itself.

Spot infrared thermometers work by using field of view (FOV) and distance-to-spot ratio (D:S). When measuring the temperature of an asset with a spot thermometer, make sure the target is completely in the thermometer's FOV. Also, consider the distance-to-spot ratio, as an error can occur if the background temperature varies from the target temperature. The distance-to-spot ratio is the ratio of the distance to the object you're measuring and the diameter of the temperature measurement area. The larger the ratio number, the better the instrument's resolution and the smaller the area that can be measured. For example, a spot thermometer with a 40-to-1 ratio more accurately measures a smaller object than one with a 10-to-1 ratio.

It can be seen from this equation that the blaze wavelength varies with the blaze angle Î¸B and the incident angle Î± (i.e., the usage method). In gerneral, the wavelength (λB(Litt)) where first-order diffracted light returns along the same path as the incident light is used to represent the blaze characteristics of gratings. In this case, Î± = Î² = Î¸B then equation (8) gives the following:

You may have seen heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) technicians using a spot infrared thermometer by pointing the gun toward the ceiling vents to check the temperature of a ventilation system in your office building or home. Common applications for using a spot infrared thermometer for preventive maintenance include:

Infrared thermography is the process of using a thermal imager to detect radiation from an object. Below, we'll discuss how infrared thermography works and how to use it in preventive maintenance.

Diffraction grating

Echelle grating

Other infrared camera features include a color alarm, picture-in-picture and fusion blending. The color alarm lets you select a temperature, so the camera will only show a color thermal image of an asset below or above the selected temperature. Fusion blending allows you to blend the minimum or maximum average temperature of a thermal image with a standard digital image.

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It can be seen from this equation that, when not using the Littrow configuration, the blaze wavelength λB is shorter than λB(Litt). For incident angle Î±, the relationship between λB(Litt) and λB is given by the following:

The primary goal of infrared thermography is to confirm machinery is running normally and to detect abnormal heat patterns within a machine, indicating inefficiency and defects. Inspecting mechanical equipment using infrared thermography is a big advantage for asset managers tasked with condition monitoring. Even though infrared imagers are simple to use, interpreting the data they produce can be a bit more challenging to break down. It's important not only to have a working knowledge of how infrared imagers work, but also baseline knowledge of radiometry and heat transfer processes.

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Infrared thermal-imaging cameras let users toggle between multiple color palettes to help decipher various temperature differences.

Diffraction grating experiment

When it comes to infrared thermography testing techniques, there are several options from which you can choose. Your selection will depend on the considerations discussed above, including what set of data you're needing and what you're monitoring. Let's take a look at some of the most common infrared thermography testing techniques.

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When using infrared thermography as a tool for condition monitoring, it's recommended you establish severity criteria. Severity criteria can be presented in two forms: general categories identifying temperature levels or specific categories of machines or components. Severity criteria develop over time with an accumulation of data. It's best practice to develop severity criteria specific to each category of equipment based on the equipment's design, operation, installation, maintenance characteristics, criticality and failure modes.

When the relationship between the incident light and the mth-order diffracted light describes mirror reflection with respect to the facet surface of the grooves, most of the energy is concentrated into the mth-order diffracted light. The facet angle of the grooves at this point is called the "blaze angle" and, represented by Î¸B, satisfies the following:

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While there are many advantages to using infrared thermography, it's always a good idea to be aware of some of the disadvantages:

Diffraction grating formula

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A microscope objective is composed of a complex set of lenses and optics, and different objectives are designed for different imaging tasks.

Infrared thermography is the process of using a thermal imager to detect radiation (heat) coming from an object, converting it to temperature and displaying an image of the temperature distribution. Images of the detected temperature distribution are called thermograms, and they make it possible to see heat-producing objects invisible to the naked eye. It's widley-used in predictive maintenance and condition monitoring.

The corresponding wavelength is called the "blaze wavelength" and is represented by λB. Combining equations (8) and (9) gives the following:

The relationship between the blaze wavelength λB for other configurations and the blaze wavelength λB(Litt)used in the catalog is given by the following:

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