Scan the entire length of the section of root tip, using low power. Where do you observe cells dividing? Where are the cells not dividing?

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How many individual chromosomes are in one cell? How do the poles of the spindle of an animal cell differ from those of a plant cell?

Study a prepared slide of dividing cells in the onion root tip. (The stain used for the slide is different from the one you used.)

Look at this leaf under low power. Some cells seem to be packed with small green bodies. These bodies are called chloroplasts.

Cells divide rapidly in embryos (young organisms, at very early stages of development). These cells are good material in which to study mitosis. Carefully examine a prepared slide of either Ascaris (a worm) or whitefish embryos. Look for the following stages:

Does the substance fill the entire cell? Describe what it looks like. How might this sub­stance be different in cells that have not been stained?

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Stir the scraping into the drop of water with a toothpick until all of the drop is cloudy. Add a small drop of stain to the scraping. Place a cover glass on the slide. Observe with low power. You may find that some of the cells are folded over or piled on top of one another. Some may be broken. Find one or two that you can see clearly. Center these for viewing.

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Another approach: have your students demonstrate their mastery with a simulation, such as the University of Delaware Virtual Compound Microscope. It allows students to practice setting up a microscope, locating a specimen, and carefully focusing an image without any risk of breaking slides or equipment. The online tutorial also offers immediate feedback for students who are struggling, such as a visual reminder of what steps to follow and a set of sample microscope problems that allow students to test their skills. Once students have practiced with the virtual microscope, they can transfer these skills directly into the lab. Important note: Some devices may not be able to use the University of Delaware Virtual Compound Microscope simulation because it requires Adobe Flash.

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Is a plant cell bigger or smaller than an animal cell? Some plant cells are smaller, but the average plant cell is larger than an animal cell.

Students develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and ways parts of cells contribute to the function.

Given the safety considerations needed for a roomful of students handling sharp blades, you may consider the student preparation of slides an optional activity. Using prepared slides might be best.

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Select a root of an onion that is 2 to 3 cm long. Place it on a clean slide: Cut off 1 to 2 cm of the root tip. Discard any remaining upper portion.

Once students accomplish all of the above, they earn a “Microscope License” to use the microscope anytime it's needed in the classroom. Students often feel a strong sense of accomplishment with this approach.

Look at the area between the nucleus and the edges of the cell. You will find a fine granular (grainlike) substance that has been stained lightly.

The part of the onion from which you took cells is usually found below the ground. The elodea plant is found where sunlight strikes the plant.

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Microscopes are expensive equipment that can be easily damaged. Spend some time making sure your students know how to use them properly.

At the end of the observations, you will be reviewing the diagrams students drew. You may want to state some of the expectations you have for their diagrams before they get started. As you evaluate their diagrams, you may choose to note diagrams that

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Clean the stain from the slide and cover glass. Examine under low power of your microscope. When you have located the cells, switch to high power. The cells may be stained so darkly that you cannot see the individual parts. If this happens, dilute the stain by placing 1 or 2 drops of water at one edge of the cover glass. Place a piece of paper towel at the opposite edge to pull the water through. Repeat this until you can see the stained portions of the cell.

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As you discuss the diagrams, look for things that your students did well in their cell diagrams. For example, note diagrams that accomplish items on the list.

Note: Preparing slides is a valuable skill, but some students may have an allergy or aversion to the smell of onions. You may instead use prepared slides or prepare the slides for the students.

Use your powers of observation and high and low power objectives to see a variety of cells. Use your drawing skills to record what you see in the microscopic world.

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Find the spindle. The end of the spindle fibers that are near the center of the cell are attached to the centromeres of the chromosomes. How many chromosomes can you see? What part do you think the spindle fibers play in moving the chromosomes?

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Note: some districts have restrictions about using any cells from students in science class. If this is the case, use prepared slides of cheek or other animal cells for this activity.

Students conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells; either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

This project was supported by Science Sandbox, a Simons Foundation initiative dedicated to engaging everyone with the process of science.

Starting at one of the torn edges, pull the transparent, paper-thin layer of epidermis, or outer skin, from the surface. It comes off in a sheet.

Wait about 1 minute. While you are waiting, heat the slide by passing it back and forth over a flame (CAUTION: Hold the slide with forceps so you won’t burn your fingers. Do not allow the liquid on the slide to boil.) Heat the slide in this way two or three times. Carefully blot off the acid with a strip of paper towel.

Do students know how each of the parts of the microscope work? Teach your students the names and functions of their microscope's parts and how they all work together. Once they “graduate” on how to properly use a microscope and identify the parts of a microscope, they could easily complete this lab activity.

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Other structures are present in cells of elodea. But all of these except the cell wall, are hidden by chloroplasts. With patience and careful observation of many cells, however, you may be able to find a nucleus and other parts of the cell.

Cover the root tip with two or three drops of toluidine blue O stain. Warm the slide for about one minute as you did before. Carefully blot off the excess stain.

The purpose of a microscope is to magnify small objects, and both lenses contribute to the final magnification.

Would you expect cells from other parts of your body to be exactly like the cells from inside your cheek? Why or why not?

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Place a very small drop of tap water on a clean side. Rinse your mouth out with water. With the broad end of a toothpick, gently scrape the inside of your cheek. Deposit a little of the scraping into the drop of water by rolling the toothpick in it.

Elodea (sometimes called Anacharis) is a common flowering plant that lives in fresh water. The green cells of elodea are similar in general structure and function to those in most other plants. Elodea plants can be purchased at pet stores.

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Turn to the high-power objective. The nucleus of each cell should be clearly visible. You may have to adjust (usually reduce) the light.

An organism may have many small cells rather than a few large cells. Suggest one or more possible explanations for this.

Add a drop of fresh stain. Apply a cover glass. Place the slide in a folded paper towel on a hard surface. Press the cover glass with your thumb, using a steady, firm pressure. Be careful not to break the cover glass.

Students follow precisely a multi-step procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks. (Grades 6-8)

The slide preparation and viewing steps outlined below are used with permission. They were originally published as a lab procedure in the textbook Biological Science: An Inquiry into Life, Fourth Edition (1980) by BSCS, a non-profit organization committed to transforming science teaching and learning through research-driven innovation.ACTIVITY OVERVIEW