By default, the description of an interface is in the format of interface-name Interface. For example, GigabitEthernet2/1/7.20 Interface.

Before configuring a combo interface, identify which port of the interface is active with the display interface command:

We have all experienced the “flow” state where productivity levels are high, and you feel inspired to conquer things on your to-do list. When you easily block out distraction, you are in the focused mode! Of course, we would choose to stay in this focused state forever if it were possible.

A port group is created manually and the settings you made on it apply to all group member interfaces. Note that even though the settings are made on the port group, they are saved on an interface basis rather than on a port group basis. Thus, you can only view the settings in the view of each interface with the display current-configuration command or the display this command.

To avoid congestion on GigabitEthernet 3/1/4, set 100 Mbps as the only option available for speed negotiation on port GigabitEthernet 3/1/1, GigabitEthernet 3/1/2, and GigabitEthernet 3/1/3. As a result, the transmission rate on each port connected to a server is limited to 100 Mbps.

Virtual Ethernet (VE) interfaces are logical interfaces implemented on interface cards. They fall into Layer 3 VE interfaces and Layer 2 VE-bridge interfaces. The VE interfaces are mainly used for IPoEoA and EoA.

Two types of Ethernet cables can be used to connect Ethernet devices: crossover cable and straight-through cable. To accommodate these two types of cables, an Ethernet interface on the router may operate in one of the following three Medium Dependent Interface (MDI) modes:

The path trace byte J1, usually set to a high-order path access point identifier, functions in a similar way to keep connected with the receiving end of the path.

display counters rate { inbound | outbound } interface [ interface-type ] [ | { begin | exclude | include } regular-expression ]

To have true mastery of a subject, we need to understand the details of a subject in relationship to the context of the bigger picture. Students will grasp complex ideas more quickly when using both modes to their advantage.

To prevent physical link flapping from affecting system performance, configure physical state change suppression to delay the reporting of physical link state changes. The physical layer reports the changes only when the delay expires.

·           Layer 3 Ethernet interfaces—They are physical interfaces operating on the network layer for Layer 3 packet forwarding, and forward packets carrying source and destination IP addresses that belong to different network segments. You can assign an IP address to a Layer 3 Ethernet interface.

display counters { inbound | outbound } interface [ interface-type ] [ | { begin | exclude | include } regular-expression ]

As shown in Figure 1, all ports on Router A are operating in speed auto negotiation mode, with the highest speed of 1000 Mbps. If the transmission rate of each server in the server cluster is 1000 Mbps, their total transmission rate will exceed the capability of port GigabitEthernet 3/1/4, the port providing access to the Internet for the servers.

SDH frames have diversified overhead bytes, which accomplish the operation and maintenance functions such as hierarchical management of the transport network. J0 and J1 are used to provide internetworking support between different countries, regions, or vendors.

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Similarly, you can set the speed of an Ethernet interface or enable it to automatically negotiate a speed with its peer. For a 100-Mbps or 1000-Mbps Layer 2 Ethernet interface, you can also set speed options for auto negotiation. The two ends can pick a speed only from the available options. For more information, see “Setting speed options for auto negotiation on an Ethernet interface.”

After you activate the fiber combo port, the speed, duplex, and MDI settings will be automatically removed if the port does not support them.

Layer 3 Ethernet subinterface enables Layer 3 Ethernet interfaces to identify packets by VLANs. By configuring multiple subinterfaces on an Ethernet interface, you can have packets of different VLANs forwarded through their corresponding subinterfaces, thus achieving flexibility.

You can avoid packet drops on a link by enabling flow control at both ends of the link. When traffic congestion occurs at the receiving end, the receiving end sends a flow control (Pause) frame to ask the sending end to suspend sending packets. In this way, flow control helps avoid packet drops.

·           If the output includes “Media type is twisted pair, Port hardware type is 1000_BASE_T”, the copper combo port is active.

The diffuse mode allows us to make connections subconsciously. Instead of only activating the prefrontal cortex, the mind is allowed to wander freely and connections can occur throughout the brain. When we let our minds wander, our brain has the opportunity to link neural pathways that would otherwise be missed in focused mode.

You can use the storm suppression function to limit the size of a particular type of traffic (broadcast, multicast, or unknown unicast traffic).

To maximize our efforts, we need both modes in the appropriate doses. The prefrontal cortex, where the focus mode occurs, is anything but automatic! You have to consciously start practicing and turn on your executive functioning skills.

·       After configuring the loopback internal command and then the undo loopback command on an Ethernet interface, you should re-enable the interface with the shutdown command and then the undo shutdown command to trigger an auto-negotiation on the interface.

You can set the upper limit of broadcast, multicast, or unknown unicast traffic allowed to pass through the system as a whole. When the sum of broadcast, multicast, or unknown unicast traffic arriving on all interfaces of the system exceeds this threshold, the system discards packets until the traffic drops below this threshold.

The SR8800 routers allow you to configure some functions on multiple interfaces at a time. For example, you can configure a traffic suppression threshold (see “Setting speed options for auto negotiation on an Ethernet interface”) for multiple interfaces in bulk by assigning these interfaces to a port group.

After you modify the rate or duplex mode of an interface, you must use the shutdown command to disable the interface and then use the undo shutdown command to enable it again, so as to start a new auto-negotiation process to make the new configuration take effect.

·           When crossover cables are used, the local MDI mode must be the same as the remote MDI mode, or the MDI mode of at least one end must be set to auto.

·           Layer 3 Ethernet subinterfaces—They are logical interfaces operating on the network layer. You can assign an IP address to a Layer 3 Ethernet subinterface. By creating subinterfaces on a Layer 3 Ethernet interface, you can enable the interface to carry packets for multiple VLANs, which provides great networking flexibility.

Depending on the layer (data link layer or network layer) at which the device processes the packets received on an interface, an interface can be as a Layer 2 Ethernet interface (in bridge mode) or as a Layer 3 Ethernet interface (in route mode). You can configure an Ethernet interface as a Layer 2 Ethernet interface or Layer 3 Ethernet interface by setting the link mode to bridge or route.

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We now know that it is necessary to move from productivity to a more relaxed state in order to do our best work thanks to Barbara Oakley. Throughout the day, we switch between two modes: focused mode and diffuse mode.

·       Due to the restriction of hardware resources, each VLAN can contain a maximum number of 64 Layer 2 VE interfaces on each card.

By default, the description of an interface is in the format of interface-name Interface. For example, M-Ethernet0/0/0 Interface.

·       For the local and remote Ethernet subinterfaces to transmit traffic correctly, configure them with the same subinterface number and VLAN ID.

You may need to shut down and then bring up an Ethernet interface or subinterface to activate some configuration changes, for example, the speed or duplex mode changes.

·           Layer 2 Ethernet interfaces—They are physical interfaces operating on the data link layer for Layer 2 packet forwarding. They can only forward packets carrying source and destination IP addresses that belong to the same network segment.

The physical link state of an Ethernet interface is either up or down. Each time the physical link of a port goes up or comes down, the physical layer reports the change to the upper layers, and the upper layers handle the change, resulting in increased overhead.

Time is the most valuable resource when it comes to utilizing both modes.  Our brains never fully turn off, so the time spent daydreaming can be beneficial to unlocking new perspectives! However, if your student is cramming for a test, he no longer has the chance to switch between the modes.

·           In WAN mode, the 10-GE interface transmits synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) packets, providing access to an SDH network. In this mode, the interface supports only point-to-point connections.

·       As for internal loopback testing and external loopback testing, if an interface is down, only the former is available on it; if the interface is shut down, both are unavailable.

Due to tremendous amount of traffic occurring in Ethernet, it is likely that some frames might have a frame size greater than the standard Ethernet frame size. If you have not configured the system to allow such frames (called jumbo frames) to pass through Ethernet interfaces, the system will drop these frames. After you enable this function in the system, the system processes jumbo frames that are within the length range you specified.

display interface virtual-ethernet { interface-number | interface-number.subnumber } [ brief ] [ | { begin | exclude | include } regular-expression ]

When implementing IPoEoA and EoA through a PVC, you must associate the PVC with a VE interface. Otherwise, you cannot configure the PVC.

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·           Layer 2-Layer 3 Ethernet interfaces—They are physical interfaces that can operate on both the data link layer and the network layer. When operating on the data link layer, a Layer 2-Layer 3 Ethernet interface acts as a Layer 2 Ethernet interface. When operating on the network layer, a Layer 2-Layer 3 Ethernet interface acts as a Layer 3 Ethernet interface.

An Ethernet interface is composed of eight pins. By default, each pin has its particular role. For example, pin 1 and pin 2 transmit signals; pin 3 and pin 6 receive signals. You can change the pin roles by setting the MDI mode. For an Ethernet interface in normal mode, the pin roles are not changed. For an Ethernet interface in across mode, pin 1 and pin 2 are used for receiving signals; pin 3 and pin 6 are used for transmitting signals. To ensure normal communication, you must connect the local transmit pins to the remote receive pins. Therefore, you should configure the MDI mode depending on cable type.

The default setting is auto. That is, the Ethernet interface determines the physical pin roles (transmit or receive) through negotiation.

When we think about learning, a picture comes to mind: books scattered, pens and paper, soft music playing in the background or a student in the classroom vigorously taking notes or practicing notecards. Students are actively working to solidify understanding by previewing and  reviewing material, writing a paper, or practicing a drill in soccer practice. This concentration kicks the prefrontal cortex in high gear! Foundational knowledge is established by laying neural pathways and building a solid ground to access later.  The focused mode is when you are actively trying to learn or practice something.

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IPoEoA and EoA carry Ethernet packets over ATM by binding VE interfaces to permanent virtual channels (PVCs). IPoEoA is for Layer 3 VE interface binding, and EoA is for Layer 2 VE interface binding. For more information, see Layer 2—WAN Configuration Guide.

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·           Virtual Ethernet interfaces—Including Layer 3 Virtual-Ethernet (VE) interfaces and Layer 2 VE (VE-bridge) interfaces. They are used on interface modules for carrying data link layer protocols over Ethernet.

·       Do not simultaneously enable traffic statistics collection and ACL functions (such as packet filtering and Portal) that may conflict with the traffic statistics collection.

The fiber combo port and copper combo port share the same interface view, in which you can activate the fiber or copper combo port, and configure other port attributes such as the interface rate and duplex mode.

Diffuse mode is not procrastination! It is important to note that the foundational knowledge must be clearly established first. Students must study to understand the details and depth of a subject before new and insightful connections can be created in the diffuse mode. The diffuse mode allows us to step out of tunnel vision and into creative thinking. A few popular diffuse mode activities include mulling over ideas in the shower, going for a walk to clear your mind, and sleeping.

·       You can configure IP addresses for Ethernet subinterfaces. For more information about IP addressing, see Layer 3—IP Services Configuration Guide.

·           Internal loopback testing—Packets sent from the interface are internally looped back to the interface without being sent onto the line. If the internal operation of the interface is normal, the interface should be able to receive the self-sent packets.

·       After you change the link mode of an Ethernet interface, all the settings of the Ethernet interface are restored to their defaults under the new link mode.

A combo interface is a logical interface that comprises one optical (fiber) port and one electrical (copper) port. The two ports cannot work simultaneously. When you enable one port, the other is automatically disabled.

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A 10-GE interface in WAN mode encapsulates Ethernet packets as SDH frames, and a 10G packet over SDH (POS) interface encapsulates PPP packets as SDH frames. However, the two types of interfaces cannot communicate with each other, because the framing formats used by them are different.

If you set storm suppression ratios in Ethernet interface view or port group view repeatedly for an Ethernet interface that belongs to a port group, only the latest settings take effect.

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If an Ethernet interface does not work normally, you can enable loopback testing on it to identify the problem. Loopback testing has the following types:

Ethernet is the most widespread wired LAN technology due to its flexibility, simplicity, and easy implementation. Your router supports the following types of Ethernet interfaces:

Speed auto negotiation enables an Ethernet interface to negotiate with its peer for the highest speed supported by both ends by default. You can narrow down the speed option list for negotiation.

·       With loopback test enabled, the Ethernet interface operates in full duplex mode. With loopback test disabled, the original configurations will be restored.

To shut down an Ethernet interface or subinterface, enter Ethernet interface or subinterface view. To shut down all Ethernet interfaces in a port group, enter port group view.

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After configuring this command, run the reset arp command to make the new MAC address take effect. For more information about the reset arp command, see Layer 3—IP Services Command Reference.

This feature enables you to monitor traffic by providing the statistics about the inbound and outbound unicast packets, multicasts, and broadcasts of a subinterface.

By giving ourselves ample time, we use our brain to our advantage. Brain breaks work wonders if a student is stuck on a problem. Younger students should take a minute or two break after being “stuck” on a problem for 5 – 10 minutes. Older students should take a 5 minute break after being “stuck” for 10-15 minutes.

display interface interface-type { interface-number | interface-number.subnumber } [ brief ] [ | { begin | exclude | include } regular-expression ]

This section describes the attributes and configurations common to Layer 2 and Layer 3 Ethernet interfaces/subinterfaces. For more information about the attributes and configuration, see “Configuring a Layer 2 Ethernet interface” and “Configuring a Layer 3 Ethernet interface or subinterface.”

The regenerator section trace byte J0 is usually set to a section access point identifier. The sending end keeps connected with the receiving end by sending this byte repeatedly.

·           External loopback testing—To perform external loopback testing on an Ethernet interface, connect a loopback plug to the Ethernet interface. The device sends test packets out the interface, which are expected to loop over the plug and back to the interface. If the interface fails to receive any test packet, the hardware of the interface is faulty.