No matter which application, whether wireless communication, aerospace and defense, high data rate automotive systems, or many more, device designers are faced with the challenges of improving performance due to faster processing at higher frequencies, while retaining manageable signal integrity and power consumption. Clock rates in the past 25 years have increased from a maximum of 200 MHz to up to 4,000 MHz, while voltage levels have dropped from 2.6 volts to 1.1 volts. Every digital signal-processing device includes a wide range of digital interfaces both between the device modules and for input/output. Reliable, fully defined, and standardized high-speed serial interfaces to maximize data flow while minimizing data loss and controlling costs, are an essential part of the solution for any high-speed design.

Digital interfacedesign

The increasing modularity and interoperability requirements for all electronic devices have the result that for most high-speed digital interfaces, just a few Standards now dominate the market, depending on the purpose of the interface. Most of these Standards include a range of speeds, to suit the application, signal integrity, and cost requirements:

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