Cylindrical surfacearea

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Sphericalsurface

The dispersion theory for reflectivity of s- and p-polarized light is considered. The problem of phase retrieval from reflectance of p-polarized light, in the presence of complex zeros of the reflectivity in the upper half of complex frequency plane, is addressed. In such a case the traditional Kramers–Kronig relations are not valid, but the maximum-entropy method will provide the required solution.

Feature Control Frame: To control the straightness of a surface, a feature control frame (FCF) is used to apply the tolerance to the desired surface.

The dispersion theory for reflectivity of s- and p-polarized light is considered. The problem of phase retrieval from reflectance of p-polarized light, in the presence of complex zeros of the reflectivity in the upper half of complex frequency plane, is addressed. In such a case the traditional Kramers–Kronig relations are not valid, but the maximum-entropy method will provide the required solution.

Cylindrical surfaceformula

Gas cylinder

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cylinder气缸

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Cylindricallens

Volume of cylinder

The straightness tolerance may be used to control the straightness of a planar surface, a cylindrical surface, a center plane or a centerline. When controlling a cylindrical surface, the straightness control (u) defines how much each surface line element may deviate from a perfectly straight line.

Tolerance Zone: The straightness tolerance zone is the area between two parallel lines. The distance between the parallel lines is the value of the straightness control tolerance. Each line element of the surface must, independently, lie within the area defined by the tolerance zone. The straightness tolerance does not control how cylindrical the part is.

To apply a straightness control to a surface, the FCF is placed in the view where the controlled surface elements appear as lines. The FCF may point to the surface. The FCF’s shown below apply a straightness tolerance to the entire surface. The surface elements must, independently, lie between two parallel lines that 0.1 mm apart.

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Cylindricalcoordinates

2Department of Electrical Engineering, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FIN-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland

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Consider the surfaces of the cylinders shown. Which cylindrical surfaces are straight? In reality, no cylindrical surface is perfectly straight. How would we know if the cylindrical surface on the bottom is straight enough?

Straightness Control: Perfect straightness occurs when all points of an element lie on the same line. Straightness is a form control. The straightness control (u) defines how much each surface line element in a particular direction on a real part may vary from an ideal straight line.