Even "invisible" flicker is sometimes noticeable. You may have observe moving objects create a distinct "trail" (stroboscopic effect) or vertical streaking lines when taking photos. Both are signs of a flickering light source.

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LED lights oftentimes exhibit invisible flicker - rapid fluctuations in brightness that occur many times per second. Because of its rapid speed, this "flicker" in an LED lamp may not be visible, but can have physiological and neurological effects on our bodies, such as eye strain, fatigue, headaches and difficulty in concentration.

Incandescent bulbs exhibit approximately 15% flicker, while some LED bulbs will exhibit more than 75% flicker. Virtually all LEDs that are color changing or PWM dimmable exhibit 100% flicker. All else equal, a light source with < 5% flicker is preferable to mitigate the negative effects of flicker.

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A flickering light source will exhibit rapid fluctuations in its brightness, and it is possible to characterize the magnitude of the fluctuation using a measure called percent flicker.

Not all light sources exhibit the same flicker frequency, and this can affect both the perceptibility as well as severity of the flicker effect.

Many insects are drawn to light, but artificial lights can create a fatal attraction. Declining insect populations negatively impact all species that rely on insects for food or pollination. Some predators exploit this attraction to their advantage, affecting food webs in unanticipated ways.

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“Predators use light to hunt, and prey species use darkness as cover,” Kyba explains. “Near cities, cloudy skies are now hundreds or even thousands of times brighter than they were 200 years ago. We are only beginning to learn what a drastic effect this has had on nocturnal ecology.”

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Many LED bulbs will flicker at 100-120 Hz (2x line frequency), at which even 10% flicker can have detrimental effects. At higher frequencies, higher flicker percentages are acceptable. At higher frequencies of 1.25 kHz (1250 Hz) and higher, even sources that exhibit 100% flicker such as PWM dimming systems are acceptable and are not known to produce any detrimental effects.Source

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Join DarkSky’s global network of advocates working to protect the night from light pollution! The process is simple: Take the DarkSky 101 training and you will be invited to join DarkSky’s global communication platform, get access to exclusive advocate resources, and be invited to join additional monthly advocate training on various aspects of light pollution and dark sky conservation.

Scientific evidence suggests that artificial light at night has negative and deadly effects on many creatures, including amphibians, birds, mammals, insects, and plants.

Explore the Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) Database to find the latest scientific literature on how light pollution affects wildlife. There is no login required. Research on specific topics can be found by entering a key word (such as birds, turtles, or migration) into the search window in the upper right. Search results will then appear in the main part of the window.

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Nocturnal animals sleep during the day and are active at night. Light pollution radically alters their nighttime environment by turning night into day. According to research scientist Christopher Kyba, for nocturnal animals “the introduction of artificial light probably represents the most drastic change human beings have made to their environment.”

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Percent flicker is calculated by measuring the relative difference in brightness between the maximum and minimum brightness exhibited during a flicker cycle. A light source with 0% flicker means that its brightness does not flicker at all, while a 100% flicker value would indicate that it fluctuates between on and completely off.

Sea turtles live in the ocean but hatch at night on the beach. Hatchlings find the sea by detecting the bright horizon over the ocean. Artificial lights draw them away from the ocean. In Florida alone, millions of hatchlings die this way every year.

“When we add light to the environment, that has the potential to disrupt habitat, just like running a bulldozer over the landscape can.”

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Glare from artificial lights can also impact wetland habitats that are home to amphibians such as frogs and toads, whose nighttime croaking is part of the breeding ritual. Artificial lights disrupt this nocturnal activity, interfering with reproduction and reducing populations.

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Light pollution is the human-made alteration of outdoor light levels from those ocurring naturally. It has harmful effects on:

Birds that migrate or hunt at night navigate by moonlight and starlight. Artificial light can cause them to wander off course and toward the dangerous nighttime landscapes of cities. Every year millions of birds die colliding with needlessly illuminated buildings and towers. Migratory birds depend on cues from properly timed seasonal schedules. Artificial lights can cause them to migrate too early or too late and miss ideal climate conditions for nesting, foraging, and other behaviors.

Plants and animals depend on Earth’s daily cycle of light and dark to govern life-sustaining behaviors such as reproduction, nourishment, sleep, and protection from predators.

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The focal length of a lens refers to the distance between the focus (or one of the foci) to the center of the thin lens.

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For billions of years, all life has relied on Earth’s predictable rhythm of day and night. It’s encoded in the DNA of all plants and animals. Humans have radically disrupted this cycle by lighting up the night.