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In the same way, but the opposite way around, a telephoto lens is capable of having a focal length that is longer than the actual length of the lens. In these multi-element lenses, the optical centre of the lens is outside the front of the lens assembly.
M mountflangedistance
If you think about it for the moment, it's fairly obvious. Somebody with an 800mm lens does not have the rear element almost a meter from the camera sensor, the lens would be utterly monstrous (they are now, this would be much worse). So, there are obviously more complex systems at play here as a result.
Absorptive filters, just as their name reveals, work by absorbing a specific color or wavelength range. These are mainly colored glass, although pigmented plastic or lacquered gelatin is also available, and usable in a broad range of environments. This is how optical filters work when using the absorption method.
The long pass optical filter is named so for allowing longer wavelengths above a specified cutoff point. Put another way, these types of optical filters generally block or reject the shorter wavelengths of light. In terms of application, the long pass filter is often used in precision spectroscopy to separate wavelength bands, as blocking filters in photometric devices, and more.
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Minolta MDflangedistance
If we only used lenses with a single element, the focal length stated would always equal the distance between that lens element and the sensor.
The selective transmittance of optical filters makes them useful in a number of applications. In this article, we have seen how optical filter work and their most common uses in a range of industries. Based on the type of filter, its operation method, and intended use, one filter might suit an application better than another, and users must carefully choose the type of filter to use.
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An optical filter, when used in the path of light, means an optical component that’s capable of isolating and blocking or transmitting certain wavelengths of light. In other words, it selectively transmits light and its different colors. Optical filters are also generally classified as long pass and short pass, normally based on the type light wavelengths they can block or transmit.
Focal length is measured from the "optical center" of the lens (technically, the "rear nodal point" when the lens is focused at infinity. (More about this here.) If you imagine that the multiple elements of a modern complex lens "add up" to one imaginary single-glass lens, the focal length is measured from where that would be.
Canon RFflangedistance
Focal length is not the distance from the rear element to the sensor, it's the distance of the nodal point of the objective lens to the plane of focus. In a simple system, the lens may have only one glass element and that's the real distance, but in a complex lens, the various elements are formed to make the physical lens much smaller (or sometimes longer for very short focal lengths) than the actual focal length and to work within the flange focal distance, so you can't physically see the focal length.
Flange focaldistance calculator
An aspheric lens is a type of lens that has a non-spherical surface profile, meaning it does not have a constant curvature across its entire surface. This ...
Nikon Fflangedistance
In this diagram f' represents the focal length, which as you can see is longer than the physical length of the lens assembly.
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Thus, a lens with a 600mm focal length would need to extend about two feet in front of the camera body. And a lens with an 18mm focal length would need its lens element positioned only 18mm from the sensor. Clearly in an SLR camera this is impossible, as it would extend too far inside the camera.
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The ability by optical filters to block or transmit light is based on two different working principles: filtering by absorption and filtering by interference. These are the light filtering methods that we’ll use to explain how optical filters work, in addition to comparing them.
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You ask "Is the focal length not literally the measure between the rear element and the sensor?", and the rest of the question hinges on that. In fact, no, focal length is not that measure.
With a single-element lens, the optical centre is simply where that lens element is, but with more elements working against each other, you can shift that optical centre.
Interestingly, this concept of extending the focal length can be taken to an even greater extreme with a mirror lens, where mirrors further extend the travel distance of the light and hence the focal length without actually increasing the physical size of the lens.
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I order a lens, say. It arrives with a reference point machined into the barrel of the lens. The flange distance is the known distance to the image plane from the mounting point manufactured for the lens mount. Sometimes there is a thread or a bayonet mount to attach the lens to the camera/instrument body, sometimes lens clamps must be used in a laboratory setting for large/heavy lenses such as scanners, process lenses, or plotters.
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In reality, complex lenses have multiple elements and this has the ability to shift the optical centre of the lens assembly.
The focal length is the distance between a hypothetical single-element lens and the sensor required to reproduce a given magnification of image. This is unrelated to the distance from the sensor to the flange. See this simplified example.
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The selective transmittance of optical filters makes them useful in a number of applications. Now that you understand how optical filters work, let’s see where they’re commonly used. The uses of optical filters cover a vast range of sectors or industries, with the component finding application in many different instruments and devices.
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For example, by simply adding one more lens element, you can create a wide-angle lens with a focal length smaller than the distance between the sensor and any of its elements. This is a retrofocusing lens. This allows for smaller focal lengths than the flange-focal-distance length without the back of the lens protruding back into the camera body.
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The working of these optical filter types makes them best in situations where reflected light (but that must be absorbed) is likely to cause optical noise. This light filtration method also offers reduced incidences of stray light. Absorption filters are also a low cost option, given their simple working principle and other features.
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Optical filters are primarily designed to transmit certain wavelengths of light — or part of the light spectrum — while blocking others. This forms the basis of their application. Below, we examine how optical filters work. Also, how their operation makes them useful in many different fields and industries where the science of optics is involved.
We measure from that (rather relative) reference point with accurate instruments to place the various sensors or testers at the right anticipated place to test.
Unlike the long pass type, the short pass optical filter allows short wavelengths while rejecting the longer ones. Because it blocks light on the lower end of the spectrum, this type of filter finds useful applications in imaging applications. These can be short pass filters that isolate and block infrared light in photography and microscopy or Raman spectroscopy devices.
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If focal length is the measure between the rear element and the sensor then how can you have different flange focal distances? Is the focal length not literally the measure between the rear element and the sensor?
We use the flange distance to measure mechanically to the sensor plane. It is used for convenience in hardware fabrication. It's arbitrary according to the instrument/camera design, agreed between the client and the designer purely for manufacturing and has little relevance optically beyond that. That lets the lens manufacturing and the instrument manufacturing continue independently with the desired fitting of the two pieces, quite accurately, within a tolerance of acceptable error.
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Absorption optical filters are sensitive to angular light, unlike the absorptive types. Based on their working principle, the filters are also characterized by stray light. This light must be damped, or the filters performance will not be satisfactory.
These types of optical filters are also commonly called dichroic filters. They are mostly an optical glass sheet several coatings of filtration layers. These coatings are meant to achieve the desired wavelength selectivity, using the principle of light interference. Let’s see how that works:
(This is more a comment than an answer, but I wanted to explain why the slightly-different other question I marked as a duplicate is really what you need to see, and this is long for a comment.)