fov参数

Camera lenses are Fixed Focal Length Lenses, which means that they have a fixed Angular Field of View (AFOV). By setting the focus-adjustment ring on a lens such that a focused image is formed at different working distances, differently sized FOVs can be obtained, since the viewing angle is held constant. AFOV is typically specified as the full angle (in degrees) associated with the horizontal, vertical or diagonal dimension of the sensor with the specified optical format.

Calculatefocal lengthfromFOV

In the mid-‘60s to the early ‘80s, beginning with the “Phelps volume,” Microeconomic Foundations of Employment and Inflation Theory (1970), he pointed out that workers, customers and companies must make many decisions without full or current information; and they improvise by forming expectations to fill in for the missing information. In that framework, he studied wage-setting, mark-up rules, slow recoveries and over-shooting. This served to underpin the Keynesian tenet that, say, a cut in the money supply will not merely cause prices and wages to drop with no prolonged effect on employment.

Fixedfocal length

The Field of View (FOV) of a camera and lens is a measure of the spatial dimensions that the camera and lens can include in an acquired image. It is correctly specified in terms of the angle between the two edges of the camera image. In inspection applications, it is common practice to think of a dimensional FOV size – the width, height, or diagonal of the imaging field at a specific distance away from the camera.

Phelps recounts his vivid experiences in the world of economics—fierce arguments, competition and collaboration, and the good fortune of time spent among some great figures—as well as his relationships with luminaries such as John Rawls, Thomas Nagel, Paul Samuelson, and Paul Volcker. At its core, this book shares the joy of intellectual achievement: the excitement of coming up with a new idea that radically departs from prevailing views and the satisfaction of exercising one’s own ingenuity instead of applying or developing others’ models. Telling the story of a life packed with intellectual adventure, My Journeys in Economic Theory provides a profound vision of a dynamic, modern economy that offers lives rich with creativity and meaning.

fov是什么

Since larger lenses are typically more expensive, one generally tries to find a lens that is an exact match to the Optical Format of the imager. In the case of an imager for which a matched format lens may not be readily available, it is acceptable to use a lens with an optical format that is slightly higher than that of of the imager. A lens with a larger optical format may be used with an image sensor of a smaller format, although the converse is not true. If the lens area underfills the image sensor area, the corners of the image rectangle may be darkened, as shown in the sketch below. This is an image artifact that is known as “vignetting”.

Minimum WDs for most lenses are in the range of 100mm~1000mm. As an example, the minimum WD for the DO-5095 lens shown above is specified to be 600mm. The text “0.6m” is stamped on the focus ring indicating that when the focus ring is rotated to this position, the lens is set to its minimum WD=600mm.

From the mid-‘80s to the late ‘90s, he put aside the short-termism and monetary models of Chicago, Harvard and MIT to develop a “structuralist” macroeconomics. Contrary to what Keynesian extremists see as unending and unexplained deficiency of “demand,” he sees employment heading to its “natural” level and seeks to explain the effects of structural forces on it. His book Structural Slumps (1994) with Hian Teck Hoon and Gylfi Zoega and later papers of theirs find an economy’s natural employment level is contracted by increases in household wealth, in overseas interest rates, by currency weakness and other structural forces. Thus, the declines of labor force participation -- among males, at any rate -- in the US, UK and France result from the pile-up of wealth and decline of capital per unit of output, both stemming from the secular slowdown in the growth of (total factor) productivity.

In this book, Phelps tells the story of his role in reshaping economic theory, offering a powerful personal account of a creative and rewarding career. My Journeys in Economic Theory charts two major phases of Phelps’s work, illuminating the breadth of his contributions to the field. First, introducing the expectations of wage setters and cofounding the “equilibrium” rate of unemployment, he built the microeconomic foundations for the employment theory pioneered by Keynes and Hicks. More recently, he conceived a theory of “mass flourishing” superseding Schumpeter and Solow’s conception of the process of innovating—a theory in which individuals’ creativity and society’s dynamism fuel grassroots innovation and generate job satisfaction in the process.

Focal length

Even though Optical Formats are specified in inches, for example 4/3″ or 1″, it is best to think of Optical Formats as category names, and not as dimensions! Notice, for example that a 1″ Optical Format corresponds to an image with a nominal diameter of 16mm and not 25.4mm. This has to do with the history of TV cameras and lenses, dating back to the 1960s. In that era, cameras were based on long, cylindrical image-sensor tubes. A standard image-sensor tube with a 1″ diameter yoke had a circular image sensitive area with a 16mm diameter. Since it was expensive to manufacture distortion-free lenses of a larger size than absolutely necessary, lens manufacturers standardized on cost-effective designs described as 1″ format lenses that formed their images on a 16mm diameter circular image-sensitive area.

Optical Magnification = Sensor Dimension / FOV dimension {this applies to Horizontal, Vertical and Diagonal dimensions. One may also apply the reciprocal of this “scaling factor” when estimating, for example, how the pixel dimensions of the image sensor map to the corresponding dimensions in the sample plane}.

Although cylindrical image-sensor tubes have been replaced with rectangular image sensor chips, the naming conventions for the Optical Formats of camera lenses remain a legacy of TV history. 1” optical format lenses are associated with rectangular image sensor with 16mm diagonals; 2/3″ optical format lenses are associated with rectangular image sensor with 11mm diagonals; 1/2″ optical formats are associated with rectangular image sensor with 8mm diagonals, and so on.

Now, from around 2000 to 2020, he has worked to put economics on a new foundation. Powerful innovation over more than a century has altered the nature of the advanced economies: Having high income or wealth matters less than it did. As his book Rewarding Work (1997) began to argue, non-material rewards of work matter: being engaged in projects, the delight of succeeding at something and the experience of flourishing on an unfolding voyage. His book Mass Flourishing (2013) remarks that cavemen had the ability to imagine new things and the zeal to create them. But a culture liberating and inspiring dynamism is necessary to ignite what Lincoln called a “passion for the new.”  This thesis on the central role of values for indigenous innovation and indeed the good life have been put to the test in the book Dynamism (2020).

FOVtofocal length

The estimated performance of specific camera and lens combinations are shown on this page. Please contact us for assistance in finding the combination that best suits the requirements of your application.

FOVtofocal lengthcalculator

The Lens Specifications Table offers a convenient way to select lenses, filtered by Optical Format and Focal Length. AFOV data is available for the “native” optical format of the lens and also, if available from the manufacturer, for smaller optical formats. Other useful data, such as Optical Resolution, physical dimensions, filter diameter & thread and estimated FOVs for Minimum WD are provided for the lenses.

Since camera lenses have a fixed AFOV, the Horizontal and Vertical dimensions of the FOV increase with the Working Distance. This means that as WD increases, a larger H x V sample area is mapped onto the H x V dimensions of the image sensor . Magnification is defined as the “scaling factor” in this mapping process from the sample plane to the imager plane:

The focal length of a lens defines the lens’s AFOV. For a given sensor size, the shorter the focal length, the wider the angular field of view of the lens. All else being the same, a lens with a longer focal length will reduce the FOV, producing an image that appears magnified when displayed. Additionally, the shorter the focal length of the lens, the shorter the distance needed to obtain the same FOV compared to a longer focal length lens.

The Working Distance (WD) is specified as the distance from the sample to the front of the lens. Most camera lenses have a specified minimum working distance, which is the minimum distance (between the sample and the front of the lens) at which the lens is capable of forming a focused image.

Edmund Phelps, recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Economics, is McVickar Professor Emeritus of Political Economy. From its founding in 2001 until its closing in 2024, he was Director of the Center on Capitalism and Society at Columbia University. Born in 1933, he spent his childhood in Chicago and, from age six, grew up in Hastings-on Hudson, N.Y. He attended public schools, earned his B.A. from Amherst (1955) and got his Ph.D. at Yale (1959). After a stint at RAND (1959-60), he held positions at Yale and its Cowles Foundation (1960-66), a professorship at Penn (1966-71) and finally Columbia (1971- 2021). He became Director of the newborn Center on Capitalism and Society in 2001. He has written books on public debt, inflation, unemployment theory, slumps, rewarding work, indigenous innovation, the good life and dynamism. He also has written texts on economic justice, political economy and schools of macroeconomic thought.

fov和焦距的关系

Optical Formats are useful in matching lenses to cameras. The goal is to ensure that the circular output image of a lens (shown in light green in the sketch below) is large enough to fully circumscribe the rectangular format of an image sensor, just slightly overfilling the active imaging area.