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The main difference is that a zoom lens has a variable focal length while a prime lens has a fixed focal length. Here’s more on the differences:

If you were deep copying objects in C++, first I would ask whether you really need to. If you really did, then the idiomatic way is to either provide a function like ".clone" or to implement the copy constructor to do it.How do you pass a member identification as a parameter to a function that may receive any kind of structure, and then update that member?You don't, because that's not something C++ as a language can do. So instead, the question is how you got into a situation in C++ where you need to.On the point about composability, in C++ the composition happens at the object level. You don't compose getting/setting functions because that's not how C++ addresses the same problem.

Transducersprogramming

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(a -> a) -> (s -> s) so if there is a function that can modify the part, we have a function that can modify the whole by keeping the rest the same and modify that part. If we pick f to be the const functor, then with some unwrapping we have (a -> r) -> (s -> r) so if there is a function that can extract the value from the part, we can extract the value from the whole as well. Without types, this rather elegant unification of getter and setter seems to be lost.

A zoom lens has a variable focal length (e.g., 16–35mm). This gives you a wide variety of focal lengths in one lens. There are pros and cons to having a zoom lens:

for example, if i provide laws that show for a given lens :: (s -> a, s -> a -> s) that (snd lens) s (fst lens $ s) == id s doesn't that provide the same assurance, even if less elegant and not typechecked (the latter of which is much broader than just applicability of lenses)

(snd lens) s (fst lens $ s) == id s doesn't that provide the same assurance, even if less elegant and not typechecked (the latter of which is much broader than just applicability of lenses)

How do you pass a member identification as a parameter to a function that may receive any kind of structure, and then update that member?Haskell has record accessors too, that are more equivalent to the C functionality. Lenses are a different thing.

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In C++, you forward responsibility for knowing object shape down the line of composition. You also generally avoid deep copies because they are expensive. This leads to using getter/setter methods to abstract object shape at module boundaries. If you're dealing with immutable objects, then you bake that into the interface (such as std::string).If you were deep copying objects in C++, first I would ask whether you really need to. If you really did, then the idiomatic way is to either provide a function like ".clone" or to implement the copy constructor to do it.How do you pass a member identification as a parameter to a function that may receive any kind of structure, and then update that member?You don't, because that's not something C++ as a language can do. So instead, the question is how you got into a situation in C++ where you need to.On the point about composability, in C++ the composition happens at the object level. You don't compose getting/setting functions because that's not how C++ addresses the same problem.

Focal length is the main optical property of a camera lens. It’s displayed in millimeters and by a number that looks like this: 35mm, 50mm, or 100mm. Lenses are named by these numbers and used when refferencing different types of lenses.

The main difference is that a wide angle lens has a short focal length and a telephoto lens has a long focal length. Here’s more on that:

lens :: (s -> a, s -> a -> s) that (snd lens) s (fst lens $ s) == id s doesn't that provide the same assurance, even if less elegant and not typechecked (the latter of which is much broader than just applicability of lenses)

"Lenses allow you to abstract state shape behind getters and setters. Instead of littering your codebase with code that dives deep into the shape of a particular object, import a lens. If you later need to change the state shape, you can do so in the lens, and none of the code that depends on the lens will need to change."Immutability does not make its way there.

> Furthermore, without types... this rather elegant unification of getter and setter seems to be lost.Like ya do. I don't see how this has any impact at all on developing applications.

I'm pretty sure it isn't types that are causing the aesthetic and usability differences you are seeing. I feel the same way about looking at js and typescript lens use. I thought it was just the result of using a concept from one paradigm in a language designed for another, which caused some awkwardness.[1] http://funcool.github.io/lentes/latest/

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Haskell itself has a counterexample: aeson-lens. It gives you lenses and prisms for working with JSON ASTs. Any unityped language could benefit from lenses for their unityped structures (JS and Clojure come to mind.)

If you have a 35mm lens for a full-frame camera, and put it on a crop sensor camera, it’s effectively a 50mm lens. This is because crop-sensor cameras offer a cropped view of a 35mm format. If you’re shooting with a cropped APSC sensor, then you could purchase lenses that are compatible with your camera and account for the cropped sensor.There are a few common cropped sizes for digital sensors. APSC, Super 35, Micro Four Thirds, Super 16.

Full-frame refers to a DSLR camera with an image sensor that is the same size as 35mm format film, measuring 36 x 24mm. For comparison, the more popular APS-C sensor size found in most DSLRs measures 22 x 15mm. Full-frame sensors have more than 2.5 times the surface area of an APS-C sensor. When you compare a crop sensor and a full-frame sensor, the most noticeable difference between full frame and crop sensor is their field of view. If you put a 35mm lens that’s designed for a full-frame camera on a crop sensor the field of view will be cropped in. Speaking of crop sensors, let’s jump into what a crop sensor is and how it affect your images.

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> First, it's possible that different elements of an array or different properties of an object has different shapesI can't imagine how this would introduce any sort of difficulties w.r.t. lenses that aren't already present with normal getting and setting of nested structures (aka probably not much).> Second, it's just difficult to get things right without a compiler's helpThis has nothing to do with lenses and everything to do with you preferring the feel of static types. You go on to talk about a bunch of issues with complex constructs that really only exist in static typing.Sometimes you write a wrong thing and get a runtime error. This happens in all dynamically typed languages (and many statically typed as well).> Furthermore, without types... this rather elegant unification of getter and setter seems to be lost.Like ya do. I don't see how this has any impact at all on developing applications.

Crop sensor refers to a DSLR sensor that mimics a full-frame 35mm format, but is not a true 35mm format. If you’re using a crop sensor camera, it basically is a “cropped” view of a full-frame 35mm camera.

How do you pass a member identification as a parameter to a function that may receive any kind of structure, and then update that member?You don't, because that's not something C++ as a language can do. So instead, the question is how you got into a situation in C++ where you need to.On the point about composability, in C++ the composition happens at the object level. You don't compose getting/setting functions because that's not how C++ addresses the same problem.

(a -> f a) -> (s -> f s) that is, given a way to transform some inner part, we can transform the whole as well. Getters and setters are just supplying a concrete choice of f, namely the const functor and the identity functor. If we pick f to be the identity functor, then with some unwrapping we have (a -> a) -> (s -> s) so if there is a function that can modify the part, we have a function that can modify the whole by keeping the rest the same and modify that part. If we pick f to be the const functor, then with some unwrapping we have (a -> r) -> (s -> r) so if there is a function that can extract the value from the part, we can extract the value from the whole as well. Without types, this rather elegant unification of getter and setter seems to be lost.

Functionallenses

A wide angle lens is any lens that has a short focal length: shorter than 24mm. So, lenses from 14mm-24mm are considered wide angle lenses.

A prime lens has a fixed focal length (e.g., 35mm). This means you only have a 35mm focal length on one lens. Like a zoom lens, a prime lens has its own pros and cons:

The motivation on the article is basically this paragraph:"Lenses allow you to abstract state shape behind getters and setters. Instead of littering your codebase with code that dives deep into the shape of a particular object, import a lens. If you later need to change the state shape, you can do so in the lens, and none of the code that depends on the lens will need to change."Immutability does not make its way there.

Optics functionalprogramming

(a -> f a) -> (s -> f s) is not meaningful. If we pretend that unityped means everything is parametrically polymorphic, for the purpose of this discussion, can't we leverage parametricity to choose a representation that provides this unification?for example, if i provide laws that show for a given lens :: (s -> a, s -> a -> s) that (snd lens) s (fst lens $ s) == id s doesn't that provide the same assurance, even if less elegant and not typechecked (the latter of which is much broader than just applicability of lenses)

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* First, it's possible that different elements of an array or different properties of an object has different shapes. I can't imagine how lenses can deal with that in an idiomatic way.* Second, it's just difficult to get things right without a compiler's help. Forget a `traverse`? Now you are operating nonsense on the wrong level of your nested data structure. Trying to modify an inner structure but you only have a Fold instead of a Traversal? You won't know it won't work without running it to get some cryptic error.* Furthermore, without types, we obscure the fact that setters and getters are unified: if `a` stands for the part and `s` for the whole, we just have (a -> f a) -> (s -> f s) that is, given a way to transform some inner part, we can transform the whole as well. Getters and setters are just supplying a concrete choice of f, namely the const functor and the identity functor. If we pick f to be the identity functor, then with some unwrapping we have (a -> a) -> (s -> s) so if there is a function that can modify the part, we have a function that can modify the whole by keeping the rest the same and modify that part. If we pick f to be the const functor, then with some unwrapping we have (a -> r) -> (s -> r) so if there is a function that can extract the value from the part, we can extract the value from the whole as well. Without types, this rather elegant unification of getter and setter seems to be lost.

This is way beyond what most people need to know to benefit from lens though.Haskell itself has a counterexample: aeson-lens. It gives you lenses and prisms for working with JSON ASTs. Any unityped language could benefit from lenses for their unityped structures (JS and Clojure come to mind.)

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On the point about composability, in C++ the composition happens at the object level. You don't compose getting/setting functions because that's not how C++ addresses the same problem.

* Furthermore, without types, we obscure the fact that setters and getters are unified: if `a` stands for the part and `s` for the whole, we just have (a -> f a) -> (s -> f s) that is, given a way to transform some inner part, we can transform the whole as well. Getters and setters are just supplying a concrete choice of f, namely the const functor and the identity functor. If we pick f to be the identity functor, then with some unwrapping we have (a -> a) -> (s -> s) so if there is a function that can modify the part, we have a function that can modify the whole by keeping the rest the same and modify that part. If we pick f to be the const functor, then with some unwrapping we have (a -> r) -> (s -> r) so if there is a function that can extract the value from the part, we can extract the value from the whole as well. Without types, this rather elegant unification of getter and setter seems to be lost.

A telephoto lens generally has a focal length of 60mm or longer. This goes for both prime and zoom lenses. You can have a telephoto prime lens, and a telephoto zoom lens.

Sometimes you write a wrong thing and get a runtime error. This happens in all dynamically typed languages (and many statically typed as well).> Furthermore, without types... this rather elegant unification of getter and setter seems to be lost.Like ya do. I don't see how this has any impact at all on developing applications.

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This has nothing to do with lenses and everything to do with you preferring the feel of static types. You go on to talk about a bunch of issues with complex constructs that really only exist in static typing.Sometimes you write a wrong thing and get a runtime error. This happens in all dynamically typed languages (and many statically typed as well).> Furthermore, without types... this rather elegant unification of getter and setter seems to be lost.Like ya do. I don't see how this has any impact at all on developing applications.

I can't imagine how this would introduce any sort of difficulties w.r.t. lenses that aren't already present with normal getting and setting of nested structures (aka probably not much).> Second, it's just difficult to get things right without a compiler's helpThis has nothing to do with lenses and everything to do with you preferring the feel of static types. You go on to talk about a bunch of issues with complex constructs that really only exist in static typing.Sometimes you write a wrong thing and get a runtime error. This happens in all dynamically typed languages (and many statically typed as well).> Furthermore, without types... this rather elegant unification of getter and setter seems to be lost.Like ya do. I don't see how this has any impact at all on developing applications.

Essentially, focal length is the angle of view, or how much of the scene will be captured and the magnification of the image. The longer the focal length, or the higher the mm of the lens, the narrower the angle of view is and the higher the magnification of the image. The shorter the focal length, or the lower the mm of the lens, the wider the angle of view and the lower the magnification of the image.

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When you use a camera with a crop sensor, it affects how the lens works on the camera, measured by its multiplier. For example, a crop sensor could have a 1.5x multiplier. When you attach a 50mm lens, the focal length is multiplied by 1.5x. So, this means a 50mm lens acts like a 75mm lens on a crop sensor DSLR. This essentially crops out the edges of the frame, which increases the focal length.

You don't, because that's not something C++ as a language can do. So instead, the question is how you got into a situation in C++ where you need to.On the point about composability, in C++ the composition happens at the object level. You don't compose getting/setting functions because that's not how C++ addresses the same problem.

When you compare a crop sensor to a full-frame sensor, the most noticeable difference is how much of what you’re seeing is being captured by the sensor.

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A macro lens is used for taking photo or video extremely close to a subject. With a macro lens, you can fill the entire frame and have everything be in focus. Most zoom lenses and prime lenses wouldn’t be able to focus this closely on a subject, blurring the image. Macro lenses are generally telephoto, typically with focal lengths from about 100 to 200 mm.

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> Second, it's just difficult to get things right without a compiler's helpThis has nothing to do with lenses and everything to do with you preferring the feel of static types. You go on to talk about a bunch of issues with complex constructs that really only exist in static typing.Sometimes you write a wrong thing and get a runtime error. This happens in all dynamically typed languages (and many statically typed as well).> Furthermore, without types... this rather elegant unification of getter and setter seems to be lost.Like ya do. I don't see how this has any impact at all on developing applications.

* Second, it's just difficult to get things right without a compiler's help. Forget a `traverse`? Now you are operating nonsense on the wrong level of your nested data structure. Trying to modify an inner structure but you only have a Fold instead of a Traversal? You won't know it won't work without running it to get some cryptic error.* Furthermore, without types, we obscure the fact that setters and getters are unified: if `a` stands for the part and `s` for the whole, we just have (a -> f a) -> (s -> f s) that is, given a way to transform some inner part, we can transform the whole as well. Getters and setters are just supplying a concrete choice of f, namely the const functor and the identity functor. If we pick f to be the identity functor, then with some unwrapping we have (a -> a) -> (s -> s) so if there is a function that can modify the part, we have a function that can modify the whole by keeping the rest the same and modify that part. If we pick f to be the const functor, then with some unwrapping we have (a -> r) -> (s -> r) so if there is a function that can extract the value from the part, we can extract the value from the whole as well. Without types, this rather elegant unification of getter and setter seems to be lost.

Functional lens glasses

The commonly accepted focal length of our eyes is around 22mm-24mm. Our visual attention is about 55 degrees wide. So, on a 35mm full frame DSLR, this gives you a 43mm lens. This focal length provides exactly the same viewing angle as a human eye.This is why many photographers and cinematorgraphers find a 50 mm lens pleasing for quality video production, because it is very close to our own eyes.

A single number, like 24mm, on a lens represents a prime or fixed lens. This means the lens isn’t capable of zooming. A 24mm prime lens is made for only a 24mm focal length. If you want a range of focal lengths, you could use a different lens, like a 24–70mm zoom lens, which gives you the ability to change your focal length in the range of 24mm to 70mm.

(a -> r) -> (s -> r) so if there is a function that can extract the value from the part, we can extract the value from the whole as well. Without types, this rather elegant unification of getter and setter seems to be lost.

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Assuming you are in a unityped context, hkts are gone, functor is not a thing. so (a -> f a) -> (s -> f s) is not meaningful. If we pretend that unityped means everything is parametrically polymorphic, for the purpose of this discussion, can't we leverage parametricity to choose a representation that provides this unification?for example, if i provide laws that show for a given lens :: (s -> a, s -> a -> s) that (snd lens) s (fst lens $ s) == id s doesn't that provide the same assurance, even if less elegant and not typechecked (the latter of which is much broader than just applicability of lenses)