The use of a collimated light in combination with a telecentric lens increases the natural depth of field of the telecentric lens itself by approximately +20/30% (this however also depends on other factors such as the lens type, light wavelength and pixel size).

A shorter focal length… - Captures more of the scene (= has a wider angle of view) - Makes distant objects appear smaller (= has lower magnification)

Therefore, the optical system behaves as if the lens had the same NA as the illuminator in terms of field depth, while maintaining the same image resolution given by the actual telecentric lens NA.

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You need a very long focal length to capture a detailed close-up picture of the moon without cropping. The image above was captured at 1600mm using an 800mm lens and a 2x extender.

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In bright field, front light illumination, light reflected by a flat surface is collected by the optics. This is the most common situation, in which non-flat features (e.g. defects, scratches etc.) can scatter light outside the maximum acceptance angle of the lens, showing dark characteristics on a bright background (the bright field - see pictures.

Learn more about what you can do with a standard lens in: Standard Lens Techniques: Using the Point of View to Draw the Viewer In 50mm Portraits, My Style: Creating A Picture of a Memory

When picking a lens, one of the first things you must decide on is the focal length or focal range that you want. This is because the focal length describes the angle of view, i.e., it tells how much of the scene in front of you the lens can capture.

To obtain this illumination set up, coaxial boxes are available for use in combination with any type of lens (either fixed focal, macro or telecentric) or telecentric lenses with built-in coaxial illumination can be used (such as Opto Engineering® TCCX series). The difference lies in the degree of collimation which results in the amount of contrast that is possible to achieve searching for defects on highly reflective surfaces. See Fig. 21 and 22.

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Once we have established whether front or back illumination is more suitable, we must set the angle at which light hits the object surface. Although the angle may vary, there are two important subgroups of front and backlight illumination: bright field and dark field illumination. The four combinations that follow are described in the following sections.

Light entering the lens converges (crosses) on its way to the image sensor. This convergence point is known as the optical centre of the lens and has the sharpest focus. The focal length is the distance between this convergence point and the image sensor.

When you look straight ahead with your bare eyes, the field of view in focus is around 50° to 60°. Wide-angle lenses are any lens that gives a field of view wider than that. Ultra-wide-angle lenses are a special kind of wide-angle lens.

In bright field, backlight illumination, light is either stopped or transmitted by the surface if the material is opaque (Fig. 14)or transparent.

Learn composition techniques that leverage on the characteristics of different lenses in: Professional Composition Techniques (3): Making Good Use of Lenses

Lenses are classified as wide-angle, standard, or telephoto depending on their focal lengths. Ultra-wide-angle lenses are a subset of wide-angle lenses, whereas medium telephoto and super telephoto lenses are subsets of telephoto lenses.

In dark field, front light illumination, reflected light is not collected by the optics. In this way, only scattered light is captured, enhancing the non-planar features of the surface as brighter characteristics on a dark background (the dark field - see Fig. 11 and 13.a - 13.b ).

Ultra-wide-angle lenses exaggerate perspective so distances between objects look bigger. When combined with the wide field of view, it can bring out a sense of space.

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Let’s look at what happens when we shoot at different focal lengths from the same position. Note: For ease of illustration, the angles shown in this article are the horizontal angle of view.

Depending on the scene and your intentions, you might not need to go ultra-wide to frame what you want to show perfectly.

These lighting techniques can be achieved using diffuse backlights (Fig. 15a, 15b and 16) or telecentric illuminators, specifically designed for high accuracy applications (Fig. 17 and 18).

In dark field, backlight illumination, only light transmitted by the sample and scattered by non-flat features will be collected, enhancing such features as bright on the dark background (Fig. 19). This can be obtained by means of ringlights or bar lights positioned behind a transparent sample.

Learn more about how to make the most of wide-angle lenses in: Exploring Wide Angle Lenses Part 1: Photo Effects of Wide-Angle Lenses 24mm Closeups: 3 Simple Exercises for Mastering Wide-Angle Perspective

We usually describe a lens by its focal length. What does it refer to and how does it affect your images? Find out in this article.

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This focal length is measured when the lens is focused to infinity (far into the distance). This is because when the lens is focused to infinity, light rays enter the lens almost parallel. When focused on a nearby subject, they enter the lens at an angle.

Combined and advanced illumination solutions. Sometimes in order to inspect very complex object geometries it is necessary to combine different types of lights to effectively reveal surface defects. For example, the combination of a dome and a low angle light is very effective in providing uniform illumination over the entire field of view.

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Any focal length above 135mm full-frame equivalent is considered telephoto. However, 70 to 135mm (full-frame equivalent) is considered short or medium telephoto. These are popular for portrait and product photography due to their natural perspective and comfortable working distance for close-up shots.

A longer focal length… - Captures less of the scene (= has a narrower angle of view) - Makes distant objects appear bigger (= has a higher magnification)

Getting up close to birds and other wildlife requires a special type of telephoto lens: a super telephoto lens. You may want to combine it with an extender for even further reach.

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201517 — Combination Of Lenses (Compound Lenses). In order to remove defects in the images formed by the lens, two or more lenses are combined together.

Also see: Why Is a Super Telephoto Lens Necessary for Sports Photography? What is the difference between a 200mm and 300mm telephoto lens?

Ultra-wide-angle lenses take in so much that they are perfect for capturing grand scenes and large objects that are right in front of you, especially in tight spaces where you cannot move further back.

Collimated light is the best choice if you need to inspect objects with curved edges; for this reason, this illumination technique is widely used in measurement systems for shafts, tubes, screws, springs, o-rings and similar samples.

The focal length of a lens is a fundamental parameter that describes how strongly it focuses or diverges light.

Bright field, front light can be produced by LED barlights or ringlights, depending on the system symmetry. In both cases LED light can be direct or diffused by a medium (sometimes the latter is to prefer to avoid uneven illumination on reflective surfaces).

The focal length also affects many other aspects of your image, such as perspective and depth of field. To find out more,  see 4 Lens Concepts to Revolutionise Your Photos.

Another type of lighting geometry is tunnel illumination: these lights are designed to provide uniform illumination on long and thin cylindrical objects and they feature a circular aperture on top (as dome lights).

In the first case, we see the outline of the object (black object on white background - see Fig. 16 and 18). In the latter, the non-planar features of the transparent object show up dark on a white background; in this second case, contrast is usually low unless the transparent surfaces present sharp curvatures (e.g. air bubble inclusions in plastic).

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Telephoto lenses provide an angle of view that is much narrower than human vision. 70-200mm lenses provide the classic telephoto focal range.

A standard or “normal” lens gives a perspective that is very close to that of human vision. Most kit lenses are standard zoom lenses. The popular RF50mm f/1.8 STM “nifty fifty” lens is a standard lens on a full-frame camera, whereas the RF28mm f/2.8 STM is a slightly wider standard lens on an APS-C camera.

Additionally, thanks to the excellent light coupling, the distance between the object and the light source can be increased where needed without affecting image quality. This happens because the illuminator’s numerical aperture (NA) is lower than the telecentric lens NA.

Due to physics, a lens with a shorter focal length has a wider angle of view, and one with a longer focal length has a narrower angle of view. And that’s how we came to use focal length to describe the angle of view of a lens!

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How to determine the best illumination for a specific machine vision task? There are in fact several aspects that must be taken into account to help you choose the right illumination for your vision system with a certain degree of confidence.

If, on the other side, we plan to measure the diameter or the length of an object or we want to locate a through-hole, the best choice to maximize contrast at the edges is back illumination - i.e. light is blocked by the object on its way to the camera. The choice is not so obvious when dealing with more complex situations such as transparent materials and sometimes mixed solutions must be taken into account.

An example of “combined” lighting is the Opto Engineering® LTDMLA series, featuring all-in-one dome and low angle ring lights which can be operated simultaneously or independently of each other.

If an object with a complex curved geometry must be inspected to detect specific surface features, front light illumination coming from different angles is the most appropriate choice in order to get rid of reflections that can lead to uneven illumination: Dome lights are the ideal solution for these type of applications because they are designed to provide illumination coming from virtually any direction (Fig. 23 e 24). In fact, dome lights are sometimes also referred to as cloudy day illuminators because they provide uniform light as on a cloudy day.

This is by far the first point that must be clear. If we want to inspect the surface of an object to look for defects or features such as printed text, then front illumination is needed - i.e. light coming from the camera side. Selecting the proper light direction or angle of incidence on the target surface as well as other optical properties such as diffuse or direct light depends on the specific surface features that must be highlighted.

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At 16mm, we can capture the entire façade of the fire station as well as the road and the hedge in the foreground. As the focal length increases, details appear bigger in the frame while more of the foreground and the building is cropped out. 200mm gives us a good close-up of the building name and the crests below it.

Coaxial illumination. When front light hits the object surface perpendicular to the object plane, we speak of coaxial illumination. Coaxial illumination can additionally be collimated, i.e. rays are parallel to the optical axis (within a certain degree).

Notice how the buildings don’t appear to converge towards the top. They would on a wide-angle lens due to perspective exaggeration.