The 2023 Review of the AML/CFT Strategy will guide the Fund’s AML/CFT work for the next five years. As part of the Review, Staff undertook an extensive stocktaking of the Fund’s AML/CFT work from 2018 to 2023, informed by extensive stakeholder consultations. The 2023 Review found that the current principles of engagement are broadly appropriate. At the same time, the Executive Board of the IMF endorsed an enhanced focus on the macro-economic impacts of money laundering, related financial crime and terrorism financing. The review also comprises five background papers providing in-depth discussions on key topics.

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The use of weasel words is also an example of distortion. These are cases where the ordinary meaning of a word is changed inappropriately in the middle of a discussion, usually in response to some counterexample or an objection. See the following exchange :

This book is a guide for practitioners, policymakers, and other researchers to establish comprehensive frameworks for holding beneficial ownership information. It also sets out how an effective beneficial ownership framework can reduce opportunities for corruption, support efforts against tax evasion, help tackle illicit financial flows, protect national security interests, and benefit procurement transparency. Revelations from many data leaks, court cases, and media reports are a constant reminder about how easy it is to abuse companies and other types of legal entities for money laundering, terrorist financing, and many other crimes with impunity when the beneficial owners—the real persons who own and control these legal entities—are hidden. Not knowing beneficial ownership information negatively affects countries’ economies.

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Churchland, Ramachandran, and Sejnowski (1994) "A critique of pure vision" in Large-Scale Neuronal Theories of the Brain, edited by Christof Koch and Joel Davis, MIT Press.

One example of distortion is the use of inappropriate emotive connotations. Many expressions in the language are not purely descriptive but carries positive or negative connotations. When using such terms, it is important to check whether the connotations are appropriate. Here are some examples :

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Teacher : You did not get an "A" in the course because you were not hardworking. Student : But I was studying all the time and slept for only 5 hours a day! Teacher : No. If you were really hardworking, you would have got an "A".

Effective anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) policies and measures are key to the integrity and stability of the international financial system and member countries’ economies. Money laundering (ML) and related underlying crimes (the so-called “predicate offenses” or “predicate crimes”), as well as terrorist financing (TF) and the financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) or proliferation financing (PF) are crimes with economic effects—they can threaten the integrity and stability of a country’s financial sector and a country’s external stability more generally. They can result in destabilizing “hot money” resulting from inflows and outflows, as well as in banking crises, ineffective revenue collection, broader governance weaknesses, reputational risks for international financial centers, and loss of correspondent banking relationships (CBRs). In an increasingly interconnected world, the harm done by these crimes is global, affecting the integrity and stability of the international financial system. AML/CFT policies and measures are designed to prevent and combat these crimes and are essential to protect the integrity and stability of financial markets and the global financial system.

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In scientific theorizing, one should of course try to describe and explain phenomena using factual language that is value-neutral as far as possible. For example, terms such as "blackhole", "ethanol", "DNA" have no positive or negative connotation. In other contexts, such as news reporting, it is also important to distinguish between a factual description of a state of affairs from one's value judgments. It is of course not entirely easy to completely avoid using terms that carry connotations of one kind or another. Whether you describe a person as "independent" or "uncooperative" reflects your very different judgement of the person. But at the very least, we should be alert to the connotations of the words that we use.

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Generally speaking, distortion is a matter of using words in such a way that deviates from its standard meaning in an inappropriate manner.

The AML/CFT Thematic Fund is a pre-eminent global initiative for capacity development, assisting countries to strengthen the effectiveness of their anti-money laundering, and combatting the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) frameworks and bolstering the integrity of the financial sector and broader economy. It recently helped Jordan and Uganda exit the grey list of the Financial Action Task Force, assisted Haiti in upgrading its Financial Intelligence Unit, and funded two important publications on counter terrorism financing and beneficial ownership helping policymakers implement effective AML/CFT measures.  The AML/CFT Thematic Fund (TF), established in 2009, is in its third phase of operations (2020-2026).

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Over the past 20 years, the Fund has helped shape AML/CFT policies globally, and within its members’ national frameworks. Financial integrity issues are covered (as relevant) in all of the Fund’s functions: surveillance, lending, and capacity development. Staff gives policy advice on macro-critical AML/CFT issues in in Article IV consultations, covers AML/CFT issues relevant to the financial sector’s soundness and stability as part of the Financial Sector Assessment Programs (FSAPs), and inputs into the design and implementation of financial integrity-related measures in Fund-supported programs. The Fund also has an extensive capacity development program on AML/CFT and delivers bilateral, regional, and thematic technical assistance to the membership. Further, the Fund also actively contributes to the global AML/CFT architecture, through participation in standard setting and assessment of countries against the international AML/CFT standards, coordination in CD delivery, and collaborations on policy dialogue and analytical work. The IMF’s work on AML/CFT is guided by its AML/CFT strategy which is reviewed by IMF’s Executive Board on a five- year policy review cycle. The 2023 Review of the AML/CFT Strategy was endorsed by the Executive Board of the IMF in November 2023.

For example, one slogan on a popular TV programme says "The truth is out there." This treats truth as if it were a physical object that can either be in here or out there somewhere. But truth is an abstract property of claims and theories and is not located anywhere. So this is an example of reification. Of course, we know roughly what the intended meaning is. What is meant is probably something like "the truth about a certain issue is something that we can discover if we try hard enough." For a different example, consider the popular claim that "History is just." A person or a system of rules or laws can be just or unjust, but justice is not really a property of history, taken as a body of facts about what has happened in the past. But again we can guess what the speaker might have in mind when the statement is made. Perhaps the intended meaning is something like "in time people will make the correct and fair opinion on the matter under discussion."

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While Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing activities differ in many ways, they often exploit the same vulnerabilities in financial systems and the broader economy that allow for anonymity and opacity in transactions.

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This paper aims to deepen the discussion and Fund’s work on illicit financial flows (IFF), focusing on the adverse effect on the macroeconomies of the countries where IFFs originate, transit, and/or are integrated. It takes stock of the efforts to estimate and address cross-border IFF and discusses potential solutions that the Fund could advance to mitigate IFF building on its AML/CFT Strategy, highlighting how technology can be leveraged to analyze big data on cross-border payments and prioritize efforts. This paper is part of a series of background papers supporting the Fund’s 2023 review of the AML/CFT Strategy.

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Here "legislation" is presumably used to describe language because language is governed by rules. But this is not what is ordinarily meant by "legislation". Furthermore, the fact that an activity is governed by rules does not make it oppressive. For example, it would be silly to say that football is an oppressive activity because there are rules in the game. Without rules there cannot be games! Incidentally, we might observe that to label language as legislation is presumably an act of classification, since he is saying that language belongs to the class of legislations rather than the class of things that are not legislations. Likewise, to say that classifications are oppressive is also an act of classification. To be consistent then, Barthes should conclude that his very assertion is also an oppressive act! If this is supposed to be true one can only conclude that Barthes is simply distorting the meaning of "oppression".

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Think for a moment and see if you can identify the category mistake in this sentence. answer What we actually see are objects in the external world and not their representations. It might be true that the brain constructs representations when we see a tree, but it is the tree we see and not the representations in our head!

Money Laundering is the processing of assets from criminal activity to obscure their illegal origins. The money laundering offense should apply to all serious offenses, with a view to including the widest range of predicate offenses. At a minimum, it should apply to the 21 categories of offenses designated by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in its glossary, including, inter alia, participation in organized crime, fraud, drug trafficking, corruption and bribery, and tax crimes.

Terrorism Financing involves the raising and processing of funds to supply terrorists with resources. While ML and TF differ in many ways, they often exploit the same vulnerabilities in financial systems that allow for an inappropriate level of anonymity and opacity in the execution of financial transactions.

As an integral part of the global AML/CFT/CPF architecture, the Fund contributes to policy dialogue on AML/CFT/CPF through participation in discussions of the FATF, the global standard setter on AML/CFT, and FATF-style regional bodies (FSRB). The Fund also plays an active role in the FATF’s assessment process by leading 1–2 assessments per year of countries’ AML/CFT/CPF regimes, reviewing assessment reports by the FATF and FSRBs for quality and consistency, and providing training in these areas. The Fund focuses its assessments primarily on countries with systemically or regionally important financial sectors or facing elevated ML/TF risks. The detailed assessment report, (DAR) for Fund-led assessments are adopted by FATF’s/FSRB’s Plenary Meetings as Mutual Evaluation Reports and are published upon completion of the process. Published Mutual Evaluation Reports from all assessments conducted to date under the FATF standards are available on the FATF website.

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Inappropriate uses of reification is an example of category mistakes. This is the mistake of ascribing to something of one category a feature that only applies to another, or more generally, misrepresenting the category to which something belongs. Consider the famous sentence "colourless green ideas sleep furiously". Although grammatical, this sentence contains a number of category mistakes, since green ideas cannot be said to be colorless, and ideas are not the kind of things that can sleep.

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Many bad philosophical arguments gain their plausibility through distortion. For example, the following argument is not uncommon : "Everyone is selfish, including people who help others. This is because everyone does what he or she wants to do.." In this argument it is implicitly assumed that a selfish person is to be defined as someone who does what he or she wants. But this is a distortion of the ordinary meaning of "a selfish person", which is more like "someone who wants to do only those things that are to his or her advantage." A person might want to do something in order to help other people, not because it is to his or her advantage.

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Financing of the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destructions is a requirement on countries to implement targeted financial sanctions to comply with the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions on the proliferation of WMD and its financing. This requirement is similar in its approach to the targeted financial sanctions applicable in the context of the fight against terrorism and terrorism financing but has a narrower application: it addresses exclusively the freezing without delay of funds or other assets of persons or entities designated by the UNSC as being involved in illicit proliferation of WMD and domestic cooperation.

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Here, "hardworking" is the weasel word. The teacher is suggesting that to be hardworking one must be able to get an "A". But this not only distorts the ordinary meaning of the term. It also makes his first statement empty. This is because what the teacher means by "hardworking" is "a person who could get an A." So in effect, his first statement is equivalent to: "You did not get an "A" in the course because you were not a person who could get an A."

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The word "reify" came from the Latin word "res", which means thing. Reification is treating an abstract idea or property as if it were a concrete physical object.

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This paper explores the impact of money laundering and related predicate crimes on banking sector stability. It identifies potential short- and medium-term impacts of financial integrity failures on individual banks’ performance and systemic stability, and outlines a framework for the quantification of such impacts. The paper also puts forth proposals for deepening the engagement on financial integrity—financial stability nexus through the Fund’s work. This paper is part of a series of background papers supporting the Fund’s 2023 review of the AML/CFT Strategy.

The two examples here show that reification in itself need not be objectionable. It increases dramatic impact and is often used in poetry and metaphors. However, if our purpose is to convey information clearly and simply, then reification should perhaps be avoided. If a claim that involves reification constitutes a meaningful and informative claim, then it can be expressed more clearly in simpler language without using reification. When it is difficult if not impossible to carry out this translation, this is a good sign that the original statement does not actually have a clear meaning. So, in general, unless you want dramatic impact, avoid using reification. But if you have to, make sure you know what you really intend to say.

Roland Barthes (1915-80), famous French social and literary critic. Quote take from his inauguration lecture of the Chair of Literary Semiology, College de France.