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1.2 The data contained in this table were generated using the SMARTS version 2.9.2 atmospheric transmission model developed by Gueymard (1, 2).

5.6 A plot of the SMARTS model output for the reference direct radiation on a 20° and 90° tilted surfaces is shown in Fig. 1. A similar plot, but for diffuse radiation, is shown in Fig. 2.

5.2 Absorptance, reflectance, and transmittance of solar radiation are important factors in studies of light transmission through semi-transparent plates. These properties are normally functions of wavelength, which require that the spectral distribution of the solar flux be known before the solar-weighted property can be calculated.

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I'm looking through the Edmund Scientific catalog that came with my new 3" Edmund Telescope as a Christmas present in 1957. On page five of this catalog I experienced my first case of "Aperature Fever". The 6" Edmund Reflecting telescope, (stock#85,024), complete with mount, tripod, and finder, boasted "up to 575 power" and a price tag of $245.00, definitely out of reach for an 8th grader's budget. But I dreamed via the catalog about Mr. Edmund's telescopes for many years. In 1968, while the astronauts circled the moon, I showed my wife the moon through the 3" telescope. My wife regrets asking me to let her look through the telescope, because I became re-hooked...and this time for the rest of my adult life. Today, I own 3 large scopes that start at 12 1/2". But the interest generated by Mr. Edmund's 3" telescope led me into a career as a T.V. weatherman and later a meteorologist. I got my initial because the general manager saw one of my scopes that I brought to the station. So, Mr. Edmund had quite an effect on my life. P.S. Please bring back the 6" so I can fulfill a childhood dream.

5.4 The table provides appropriate standard spectral irradiance distributions for determining the relative optical performance of semi-transparent materials and other systems. The table may be used to evaluate components and materials for the purpose of solar simulation where the direct and the diffuse spectral solar irradiances are needed separately.

Edmund Scientific got me started in Astronomy, too. I was a little later in the game, getting started in the 1980s. Edmund's telescopes were good, but what I thought was most helpful was their literature. Department stores at the time offered some competition in telescope choices, but Edmund's user guides and sky guides were unmatched. I loved the drawings in those books. Thanks to Edmund Scientific, I quickly went from knowing nothing about the stars to finding my way around the night sky with ease and viewing the moon, planets, and Messier objects using the Edmund 60mm Voyager 6001 table-top refractor. I later purchased that 8-inch f/5 reflector with the equatorial fork mounting. That was such a beautiful looking instrument. I used it to photograph Halley's Comet as a tiny fuzz ball from my back yard in the fall of 1985, well before it could be seen through the eyepiece. I really felt like a scientist then! Sadly, over the years, the Edmund scopes got left behind and all I have are the memories. But I can still identify the stars and planets faster than today's youth armed with their iPhones and sky map apps, and I still love astronomy and enjoy the night sky from my back yard every bit as much as I did in the 80s. Thanks, Edmund Scientific, for not only selling me a telescope, but also for teaching me what I wanted so much to learn in a time before the internet (and before I knew about Sky and Telescope magazine), and for helping me develop what became a lifelong interest in the stars. And Norman, may you rest in peace.

1.5 The diffuse spectral distribution on a vertical surface facing away from the sun (i.e., shaded), or at any prescribed azimuth away from the sun, may be computed using the model to obtain representative results (i.e., results that fall within an acceptable range of variance).

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My first telescope was also the 3" Edmund scope, the Space Conqueror. It, too, opened my eyes to the grandeur of the universe and the hobby I still love.

Edmund Scientific was better than Disneyland for impressionable science kids. Hours spent dreaming over their catalog. And Barrington NJ was on the moon for all I knew -- imagine what I was like when one day I unexpectedly rode past Edmund Scientific. I was an avowed Edmund shopper whenever I had a few bucks, introduced by another "junior scientist" fifty-some years ago now. I learned as much from the catalog as I did from the things I could buy. It was much, much more than telescopes (though they were right at the top of my list). And all that great stuff pointed me into a great career. Norman Edmund probably understood the impression he had on kids like me. Gee, thanks, Mr. Edmund! You made a difference.

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During the late 1950s and '60s the company expanded its line of traditional Newtonians, refractors, and mirror-grinding kits. When Norman Edmund's son, Robert, took the helm in the mid-1970s, the firm introduced the novel Astroscan, an all-red, low-power, 4-inch reflector for tabletop use.

Longtime astronomy writer James Mullaney recalls, "I met Norman several times. The most memorable occasion was at a national convention of the Astronomical League in Haverford, Pennsylvania, I believe in the late 1950s. Buses took us to Barrington, and Norman was out behind the building grilling steaks for everyone with a chef's hat on!"

I hope his family will have many happy memories of Norman Edmund. He made many memories for those of us who have used his company's scopes to explore the night skies!

My first telescope was also the 3" Edmund scope, the Space Conqueror. It, too, opened my eyes to the grandeur of the universe and the hobby I still love. I hope his family will have many happy memories of Norman Edmund. He made many memories for those of us who have used his company's scopes to explore the night skies!

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I've come across quite a number of Edmunds astro-products over the years. To suggest that Norman Edmund was an astro-entrepreneur (and well ahead of his time) is to understate the obvious.

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Norman W. Edmund, legendary founder of a company offering a profusion of optics to the public for 70 years (and counting), died January 16th in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He was 95.

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1.6 The climatic, atmospheric, and geometric parameters selected reflect the conditions to provide a realistic set of spectral distributions appropriate for building applications under very clear-sky conditions, representative of near-maximum solar heat gains in buildings.

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In the late fifty's I received a Edmund catalog. I showed my Dad a 6" reflector I wanted. He got so enthused that he ended up building an 8" but parts from different companies. Mirror and Cell from Cave, mount from (I think, Magnuson) and tube from Edmund. Then built a 12x12 observatory with a roll-off roof. We eventually built a 16" cassegrain in 1967. So Edmund really sparked my astronomy hobby. A company on the North side of Chicago, American Science Center, almost seemed like a branch as they sold a lot of Edmund products with many surplus items. They are now American Science Surplus selling all kinds of discontinued, over-runs etc. But I owe my interest in astronomy indirectly to Mr. Edmund

Reading all of these comments about my great grandfather makes my heart melt. I never knew how much he touched the lives of others, and I hope he continues to even in death.

Edmund Scientific has long been a respected name:- even down here in NZ astronomy for decades. Who can ever forget those wonderful RKE eyepieces:- particularly the 28mm efl version (which was a "must have" in any deep sky observer's "wish list"). I've used the 15 and 28RKE (and 2.2x Edmund Barlow) on both the 61cm OC reflector at Mt John University Observatory (MJUO) at Tekapo in 1983, and also the 41cm Ruth Crisp Boller and Chivens R-C at Black Birch, when I was an astronomer at Carter National Observatory in NZ. With the latter instrument, NGC2070 (Tarantula Nebula) was a breath-taking sight at 200X!

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Emission spectrum

That first ad also offered two sets of small surplus lenses and a 50-page booklet titled "Fun with Chipped Edge Lenses." Elsewhere in the same S&T issue, competitor Harry Ross proclaimed that his own products were "Not Salvage — Not Rejects — Not Junk!" Despite the dig, Edmund kept on selling the popular chipped-edge lenses (inexpensive seconds, aimed at experimenters) for decades to come.

SpectralAudio

1.1 This table provides terrestrial solar spectral irradiance distributions that may be employed as weighting functions to (1) calculate the broadband solar or light transmittance of fenestration from its spectral properties; or (2) evaluate the performance of building-integrated technologies such as photovoltaic electricity generators. Most of these systems are installed on vertical walls, but some are also installed on pitched roofs or on other tilted structures, such as sunspaces. Glazing transmittance calculations or measurements require information on both the direct and diffuse components of irradiance. The table provides separate information for direct and diffuse irradiance, and for two different tilt angles, 20° and 90° relative to the horizontal. All distributions are provided at 2002 wavelengths within the spectral range 280–4000 nm. The data contained in this table reflect reference spectra with uniform wavelength interval (0.5 nanometer (nm) below 400 nm, 1 nm between 400 and 1700 nm, an intermediate wavelength at 1702 nm, and 5 nm intervals from 1705 to 4000 nm). The data table represents reasonable cloudless atmospheric conditions favorable for the computerized simulation, comparative rating, or experimental testing of fenestration systems.

The fun, the mystery, the explanations I received, the wonder of science, of trying, and testing, and failing, and, yes, succeeding... priceless.

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When I was 11 I would go over and over his catalog and think of the next project I could afford from my paperboy money. I remember the proud day I went into his store with my father with enough money to buy all the components to build my first reflector, grinding a 6" mirror in the basement of a convent, I learned more about optics then most in their lifetime. Thank you for making those opportunities available within a paperboys budget.

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This was a very good report and tribute about Norman Edmund. Edmund's 3 inch reflector was also my first telescope, which I purchased in 1969 with money raised feeding the minister's cat while the minister was on vacation,and with birthday money. As a 13 year old, the 3" was my portal to the Universe. I saw great wonders from my backyard and spurred me to continue in the hobby. The 3" still works and I take it out now and then. I looked forward to the arrival of Edmund's catalogs and looked through them carefully. Mr. Edmund did a great service to an aspiring generation of young scientists amazed at the night sky at a time our nation was first venturing into space.

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Für die darauf folgende Berechnungsperiode werden diese Parameter erneut bestimmt. Die Dauer einer Berechnungsperiode ist abhängig von der Aufgabenstellung und ...

Initially Edmund worked out of his home in Audubon, New Jersey. "I once heard that Norm kept his stock of lenses, etc., in boxes under his bed," recalls William E. Shawcross, former managing editor and later president of Sky Publishing Corp.

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5.1 This standard does not purport to address the mean spectral irradiance incident on tilted or vertical fenestration or building-integrated systems over a day, a season, or a year. The spectral irradiance distributions have been chosen to represent a reasonable near-upper limit for solar radiation when these systems are exposed to clear-sky conditions similar to those used to calculate solar heat loads of buildings. The diffuse spectral irradiance distributions can also be used to represent conditions when these systems are shaded from the direct sun.

1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

1.4.2 Separate direct and diffuse solar spectral irradiance incident on a sun-facing, 90° (vertical) tilted surface in the wavelength region from 280–4000 nm for air mass 1.5, at sea level.

Helium spectrum

The hours I spent in the '60's dreaming over the catalog... sigh. The things I "wasted" my allowance on (according to me parents)... deep sigh. The fun, the mystery, the explanations I received, the wonder of science, of trying, and testing, and failing, and, yes, succeeding... priceless. Thank you Mr. Edmund. Your gift to the kids of all ages cannot be estimated. Rest in peace.

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5.8 The total irradiance, integrated over the spectral range 280–4000 nm, is 791.07, 93.02, 97.96, and 889.03 W·m-2 for direct, sky diffuse, total diffuse and global radiation incident on the 20° tilted surface, respectively. It is 669.74, 58.66, 140.56, and 810.30 W·m-2 for direct, sky diffuse, total diffuse and global radiation incident on the 90° tilted surface, respectively.

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My second telescope was Edmund Scientific's 6-inch Newtonian, which I purchased ca. 1959 out of my allowance on their time payment plan. I still have the tube, mirror, and eyepieces, but have lost the equatorial mount -- which my dad helped me permanently attach to a steel tube set in concrete in the back yard. I loved that scope and did a lot with it, but I appreciated Edmund's booklets and catalog (wish book) as well. I also still have the sheet-film astro camera I built with many parts from Edmund, including shutter and lenses. I even entered college intending to major in Astronomy, thanks in part to Edmund and their wonderful products. Thanks, Mr. Edmund!

Very nice story, Roger. I too received an Edmund 3-inch reflector as a gift in the early 1960s. I loved that scope and I also loved the Edmund catalogs. I eventually built a 4-inch f/15 refractor from Edmund parts and kept that scope until well into my adult life. I still own a set of vintage Edmund eyepieces. There were two major brands in my young amateur astronomy days - Edmund and Sky and Telescope.

Sky & Telescope is part of AAS Sky Publishing, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the American Astronomical Society. Sky & Telescope, Night Sky, and skyandtelescope.org are registered trademarks of AAS Sky Publishing LLC. Sky & Telescope maintains a strict policy of editorial independence from the AAS and its research publications in reporting developments in astronomy to readers.

Then in 1948 Edmund opened a larger facility in nearby Barrington, New Jersey, and changed the name to Edmund Scientific Co. The firm soon attracted worldwide notice, and its product line grew to include a remarkable 3-inch f/10 Newtonian reflector for just $29.50. This scope came as kit and was "easily assembled; a nine-year-old can do it!" It had a cardboard tube, wooden legs, and interchangeable tripod heads for alt-azimuth or equatorial operation. (Full disclosure: This 3-inch was my first telescope. My brother and I pooled our allowances in 1956, and it opened the night sky to us.)

The hours I spent in the '60's dreaming over the catalog... sigh. The things I "wasted" my allowance on (according to me parents)... deep sigh.

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1.4.1 Separate direct and diffuse solar spectral irradiance incident on a sun-facing, 20° tilted surface in the wavelength region from 280–4000 nm for air mass 1.5, at sea level.

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Whilst not up to the optical design class of the Televue eyepieces being developed later, those RKE's were a joy to use... I affectionately still regard trhem as the "poor man's plossl". Before joining Carter National Observatory, I also had the pleasure of using RKE's and an Edmunds 20cm f5 fork driven Newtonian (owned by David J. Curtis of Dunedin) to obtain NZ's first visual observations of Comet P/1 Halley in August 1985.

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1.7 A wide variety of orientations or local environmental conditions is possible for exposed surfaces. The availability of the SMARTS model (as an adjunct to this standard) used to generate the standard spectra allows users to evaluate spectral differences relative to the spectra specified here.

5.3 To compare the relative performance of competitive products by computerized simulations, or to compare the performance of products subjected to experimental tests in laboratory conditions, a reference standard solar spectral distribution for both direct and diffuse irradiance is desirable.

Sidelined from serving in World War II by an early bout with tuberculosis, Norman Edmund got the idea to start selling optical parts that he acquired as war surplus. He formed the Edmund Salvage Co. and placed his first Sky & Telescope ad in the September 1945 issue. Taking up a full page, it began in bold type, "Unusual War Bargains in Lenses and Prisms." The listings included color filters, reticles, mirrors from tank periscopes, and a 1.8-inch f/11 achromatic objective for making your own small refractor.

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5.9 The availability of the adjunct standard computer software for SMARTS allows one to (a) reproduce the reference spectra, using the above input parameters; (b) compute test spectra to attempt to match measured data at a specified FWHM, and evaluate atmospheric conditions; (c) compute test spectra representing specific conditions for analysis vis-à-vis any one or all of the reference spectra; (d) obtain the sky diffuse and the ground-reflected diffuse spectra (whose sum appears in the table) separately; and (e) smooth the spectral results to different resolution and wavelength step by using the postprocessing options.

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Line spectrum

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Atomic spectra

1.3 The selection of the SMARTS radiative model to generate the spectral distributions is chosen for compatibility with previous standards (ASTM G173 and G177). The atmospheric and climatic conditions are identical to those in ASTM G173. The environmental conditions are also identical, with only one exception (see sections 4.3 and X1.2).

5.7 The input needed by SMARTS to generate the spectra for the prescribed conditions and the 20°-tilted surface is provided in Table 1. The input file for the 90°-tilted surface differs only by one line. This modified line appears in Table 2.

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These typical Edmund catalogs show the evolution of the product line from the surplus optics and astronomy market (1958), through a flirtation with alternate energy and parapsychology items (1975), and then to a vast array of research-grade optical components (1996).

5.5 The selected air mass value of 1.5 for a plane-parallel atmosphere above a flat earth corresponds to a zenith angle of 48.19°. The SMARTS2 computation of air mass accounts for atmospheric curvature and the vertical density profile of molecules, which results in a solar zenith angle of 48.236°, or an equivalent plane-parallel-atmosphere air mass of 1.50136. The angle of incidence computed by SMARTS for the direct beam irradiance incident on a 20°-tilted plane facing the sun is thus 28.236°. It is 41.764° for a 90°-tilted surface facing the sun.

What a guy! Edmund Scientific has long been a respected name:- even down here in NZ astronomy for decades. Who can ever forget those wonderful RKE eyepieces:- particularly the 28mm efl version (which was a "must have" in any deep sky observer's "wish list"). I've used the 15 and 28RKE (and 2.2x Edmund Barlow) on both the 61cm OC reflector at Mt John University Observatory (MJUO) at Tekapo in 1983, and also the 41cm Ruth Crisp Boller and Chivens R-C at Black Birch, when I was an astronomer at Carter National Observatory in NZ. With the latter instrument, NGC2070 (Tarantula Nebula) was a breath-taking sight at 200X! Whilst not up to the optical design class of the Televue eyepieces being developed later, those RKE's were a joy to use... I affectionately still regard trhem as the "poor man's plossl". Before joining Carter National Observatory, I also had the pleasure of using RKE's and an Edmunds 20cm f5 fork driven Newtonian (owned by David J. Curtis of Dunedin) to obtain NZ's first visual observations of Comet P/1 Halley in August 1985. I've come across quite a number of Edmunds astro-products over the years. To suggest that Norman Edmund was an astro-entrepreneur (and well ahead of his time) is to understate the obvious. Thank you Mr Edmund for having the nous and foresight to place "value-for-money" affordable telescopes and eyepieces within the range of so many young amateur astronomers, and thereby foster a a world-wide participation in this exciting field. You have surely helped create quite a few of today's top professionals out there. We all owe you heaps for that! Regards and clear skies... Graham W. Wolf:- Barber Grove Observatory (BGO) Lower Hutt, New Zealand

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Reading all of these comments about my great grandfather makes my heart melt. I never knew how much he touched the lives of others, and I hope he continues to even in death.

Thank you Mr Edmund for having the nous and foresight to place "value-for-money" affordable telescopes and eyepieces within the range of so many young amateur astronomers, and thereby foster a a world-wide participation in this exciting field. You have surely helped create quite a few of today's top professionals out there. We all owe you heaps for that!

A company on the North side of Chicago, American Science Center, almost seemed like a branch as they sold a lot of Edmund products with many surplus items. They are now American Science Surplus selling all kinds of discontinued, over-runs etc.

I too received an Edmund 3-inch reflector as a gift in the early 1960s. I loved that scope and I also loved the Edmund catalogs. I eventually built a 4-inch f/15 refractor from Edmund parts and kept that scope until well into my adult life. I still own a set of vintage Edmund eyepieces. There were two major brands in my young amateur astronomy days - Edmund and Sky and Telescope.

C. Integration:This Agreement is the entire agreement between Licensee and ASTM relating to its subject matter. It supersedes all prior or contemporaneous oral or written communications, proposals, representations and warranties and prevails over any conflicting or additional terms of any quote, order, acknowledgment, or other communication between the parties relating to its subject matter during the term of this Agreement. No modification of this Agreement will be binding, unless in writing and signed by an authorized representative of each party.

Price When you select the "Standard + Redline" option you get both documents! Best of all, the cost of a Standard + Redline is only slightly more than buying the Active Standard by itself.

A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the Subscription Period only. This Agreement will remain in effect thereafter for successive Subscription Periods so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a Subscription Period by written notice given at least 30 days in advance.

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