(c) Noncompetitive procurement. There are specific circumstances in which the recipient or subrecipient may use a noncompetitive procurement method. The noncompetitive procurement method may only be used if one of the following circumstances applies:

(iii) Micro-purchase thresholds. The recipient or subrecipient is responsible for determining and documenting an appropriate micro-purchase threshold based on internal controls, an evaluation of risk, and its documented procurement procedures. The micro-purchase threshold used by the recipient or subrecipient must be authorized or not prohibited under State, local, or tribal laws or regulations. The recipient or subrecipient may establish a threshold higher than the Federal threshold established in the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) in accordance with paragraphs (a)(1)(iv) and (v) of this section.

The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the official legal print publication containing the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) is a continuously updated online version of the CFR. It is not an official legal edition of the CFR.

There are three types of procurement methods described in this section: informal procurement methods (for micro-purchases and simplified acquisitions); formal procurement methods (through sealed bids or proposals); and noncompetitive procurement methods. For any of these methods, the recipient or subrecipient must maintain and use documented procurement procedures, consistent with the standards of this section and §§ 200.317, 200.318, and 200.319.

(C) All bids will be opened at the time and place prescribed in the invitation for bids. For local governments, the bids must be opened publicly.

Bridge cameras are a hybrid between the compact point and shoot camera and DSLR camera. They offer manual control options, large zoom ranges, and electronic viewfinders for composing shots.

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Let’s explore the fascinating different types of cameras through different eras, highlighting key advancements and their impact on photography.

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(1) The aggregate amount of the procurement transaction does not exceed the micro-purchase threshold (see paragraph (a)(1) of this section);

Named after inventor Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, this type of camera popularized photography as it allowed images to be captured on a silver-coated copper plate. It was the first commercially successful photographic process.

(i) Distribution. The aggregate amount of the procurement transaction does not exceed the micro-purchase threshold defined in § 200.1. To the extent practicable, the recipient or subrecipient should distribute micro-purchases equitably among qualified suppliers.

(i) Requests for proposals require public notice, and all evaluation factors and their relative importance must be identified. Proposals must be solicited from multiple qualified entities. To the maximum extent practicable, any proposals submitted in response to the public notice must be considered.

(D) A firm-fixed-price contract is awarded in writing to the lowest responsive bid and responsible bidder. When specified in the invitation for bids, factors such as discounts, transportation cost, and life-cycle costs must be considered in determining which bid is the lowest. Payment discounts must only be used to determine the low bid when the recipient or subrecipient determines they are a valid factor based on prior experience.

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This content is from the eCFR and may include recent changes applied to the CFR. The official, published CFR, is updated annually and available below under "Published Edition". You can learn more about the process here.

The Interchangeable lens camera, including the DSLR camera and mirrorless cameras, give photographers the flexibility of interchangeable lenses based on their specific needs. This allows for a more customized approach to capturing images.

(iv) The recipient or subrecipient may use competitive proposal procedures for qualifications-based procurement of architectural/engineering (A/E) professional services whereby the offeror's qualifications are evaluated, and the most qualified offeror is selected, subject to negotiation of fair and reasonable compensation. The method, where the price is not used as a selection factor, can only be used to procure architectural/engineering (A/E) professional services. The method may not be used to purchase other services provided by A/E firms that are a potential source to perform the proposed effort.

(iii) Contracts must be awarded to the responsible offeror whose proposal is most advantageous to the recipient or subrecipient considering price and other factors; and

Cameras have undergone numerous transformations over the years, starting from the early days of simple pinhole cameras to today’s advanced digital ones. Let’s take a journey through time and explore the evolution of compact cameras.

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(1) Sealed bids. This is a procurement method in which bids are publicly solicited through an invitation and a firm fixed-price contract (lump sum or unit price) is awarded to the responsible bidder whose bid conforms with all the material terms and conditions of the invitation and is the lowest in price. The sealed bids procurement method is preferred for procuring construction services.

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Believed to have been invented by Chinese philosopher Mozi, this ancient camera consisted of a small hole in a darkened room or box that projected an inverted image onto a surface. Though rudimentary, this was the first ever recorded instance of an image being captured with light.

Full-frame cameras have larger sensors compared to smaller APS-C or Micro Four Thirds sensors, resulting in higher quality images with more detail and better performance in low light. These are commonly used by professionals and serious hobbyists.

(B) Two or more responsible bidders have been identified as willing and able to compete effectively for the business; and

(ii) Micro-purchase awards. Micro-purchases may be awarded without soliciting competitive price or rate quotations if the recipient or subrecipient considers the price reasonable based on research, experience, purchase history, or other information; and maintains documents to support its conclusion. Purchase cards may be used as a method of payment for micro-purchases.

With the rise of smartphones, traditional digital cameras have taken a backseat in everyday photography. With advanced camera features and editing apps, these devices allow us to capture high-quality images with just a few taps on our screens.

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Mirrorless cameras are fast becoming the go-to choice for photographers due to their compact camera body size and high image quality. Unlike traditional the DSLR camera, these mirrorless cameras do not have a mirror system, making them lighter and quieter while still maintaining image quality.

The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the official legal print publication containing the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) is a continuously updated online version of the CFR. It is not an official legal edition of the CFR. Learn more about the eCFR, its status, and the editorial process.

As digital technology advanced, DSLR cameras gained popularity due to their superior image quality and flexibility in manual settings. These DSLR cameras use a mirror system that allows users to view directly through the lens while capturing an image.

An advancement from the compact and DSLR cameras, medium format cameras have a larger sensor size that produces higher quality images with more detail and depth. These are commonly used in professional photography for fashion, portraits, and landscapes.

(3) The public exigency or emergency for the requirement will not permit a delay resulting from providing public notice of a competitive solicitation;

(iv) Recipient or subrecipient increase to the micro-purchase threshold up to $50,000. The recipient or subrecipient may establish a threshold higher than the micro-purchase threshold identified in the FAR in accordance with the requirements of this section. The recipient or subrecipient may self-certify a threshold up to $50,000 on an annual basis and must maintain documentation to be made available to the Federal agency or pass-through entity and auditors in accordance with § 200.334. The self-certification must include a justification, clear identification of the threshold, and supporting documentation of any of the following:

(2) Proposals. This is a procurement method used when conditions are not appropriate for using sealed bids. This procurement method may result in either a fixed-price or cost-reimbursement contract. They are awarded in accordance with the following requirements:

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The single-lens reflex camera allowed photographers to see exactly what they were capturing through the lens, giving them more control over their images. This advancement paved the way for professional photography.

The digital age arrived with Steven Sasson’s invention of the first digital camera. Though it lacked the quality of film, this invention paved the way for modern digital compact cameras and the ability to capture, store, and share photos instantly.

(v) Recipient or subrecipient increase to the micro-purchase threshold over $50,000. Micro-purchase thresholds higher than $50,000 must be approved by the cognizant agency for indirect costs. The recipient or subrecipient must submit a request that includes the requirements in paragraph (a)(1)(iv) of this section. The increased threshold is valid until any factor that was relied on in the establishment and rationale of the threshold changes.

(A) Bids must be solicited from an adequate number of qualified sources, providing them with sufficient response time prior to the date set for opening the bids. Unless specified by the Federal agency, the recipient or subrecipient may exercise judgment in determining what number is adequate. For local governments, the invitation for bids must be publicly advertised.

(i) Simplified acquisition procedures. The aggregate dollar amount of the procurement transaction is higher than the micro-purchase threshold but does not exceed the simplified acquisition threshold. If simplified acquisition procedures are used, price or rate quotations must be obtained from an adequate number of qualified sources. Unless specified by the Federal agency, the recipient or subrecipient may exercise judgment in determining what number is adequate.

Navigate by entering citations or phrases (eg: 1 CFR 1.1 49 CFR 172.101 Organization and Purpose 1/1.1 Regulation Y FAR).

Instant gratification reached new heights with the introduction of the Polaroid camera. Developed by Edwin H. Land, this camera produced prints within minutes, eliminating the need for developing and printing in a darkroom.

(C) The procurement lends itself to a firm-fixed-price contract, and the selection of the successful bidder can be made principally based on price.

(a) Informal procurement methods for small purchases. These procurement methods expedite the completion of transactions, minimize administrative burdens, and reduce costs. Informal procurement methods may be used when the value of the procurement transaction under the Federal award does not exceed the simplified acquisition threshold as defined in § 200.1. Recipients and subrecipients may also establish a lower threshold. Informal procurement methods include:

From simple pinhole cameras to sophisticated smartphones, the evolution of cameras is an ongoing journey fuelled by constant innovation and advancements in technology. As we continue to capture moments through these devices, it’s important to appreciate their rich history and

(b) Formal procurement methods. Formal procurement methods are required when the value of the procurement transaction under a Federal award exceeds the simplified acquisition threshold of the recipient or subrecipient. Formal procurement methods are competitive and require public notice. The following formal methods of procurement are used for procurement transactions above the simplified acquisition threshold determined by the recipient or subrecipient in accordance with paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section:

(4) The recipient or subrecipient requests in writing to use a noncompetitive procurement method, and the Federal agency or pass-through entity provides written approval; or

(B) The invitation for bids must define the items or services with specific information, including any required specifications, for the bidder to properly respond;

As photography became more mainstream, compact cameras were introduced for the masses. These cameras were small, portable and easy to use, making it possible for anyone to capture memories on film.

As technology continues to advance, so do the capabilities of digital cameras. With advancements in artificial intelligence and virtual reality, we can expect to see even more innovative features in future camera models.

(ii) The recipient or subrecipient must have written procedures for conducting technical evaluations and making selections.

Invented by George Eastman, the kodak camera revolutionized photography by introducing the concept of roll film. This made it easier for people to capture and develop their own photographs without having to rely on professionals.

Today, capturing moments has become an integral part of our lives. From birthdays to breathtakingly landscapes, cameras allow us to immortalize memories. The technology behind these devices has come a long way since their inception.

(ii) Simplified acquisition thresholds. The recipient or subrecipient is responsible for determining an appropriate simplified acquisition threshold based on internal controls, an evaluation of risk, and its documented procurement procedures, which may be lower than, but must not exceed, the threshold established in the FAR.

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From ancient pinhole cameras to today’s advanced compact cameras and dslr cameras, the evolution of cameras has truly been a journey through time. No matter what type of camera we use, one thing remains constant: they allow us to capture and preserve memories that will last a lifetime. So whether you’re a professional photographer or simply capturing everyday moments, embrace the technology and continue creating visual stories for generations to come.