*The objective may work with other observation methods not expressed in the code, including brightfield (reflected), brightfield (transmitted), darkfield (reflected), darkfield (transmitted), DIC (reflected), DIC (transmitted), phase contrast, relief contrast, polarization, fluorescence (B/G excitation), UV fluorescence (at 365 nm), multiphoton, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF), and infrared (IR). Please refer to our website for the full objective specifications.

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Makroobjektiv: Übersicht über verschiedene Typen von Makroobjektiven und Anwendung in der Praxis.

The pure Python version of LightPipes (from version 2.0.0) can be installed on any platform with Python version 3.+ installed. We tested it on a number of computers: Windows, Macintosh and Linux.

The correction range for chromatic aberration in objectives differs for each code. The level of chromatic aberration improves in the order of ACH, FL, APO, SAPO, and XAPO. If chromatic aberration is well corrected, sharp fluorescence images with no out-of-focus areas can be obtained for each color even in multicolor observation using fluorescent reagents covering a wide band.

The result is plotted using the fantastic matplot routines. We are not interested in axis around the pattern and we like to write a title above the plot.

This is where microscope objective specifications come in. These specifications tell you the optical performance, such as magnification, aberration correction, and other parameters. You don’t have to look far to find them—in fact, our specifications are listed as a code within the objective lens name! This makes it easy to distinguish between objective types at a glance.

Now we are ready to start the simulation. The Begin command generates a field with amplitude 1.0 and phase zero, a plane wave. So, all the 500 x 500 elements of array, F, contain the complex number: 1.0 + j0.0. The next commands generate two waves, F1 and F2, which are apertured by the two circular apertures and combined (simply added) by the BeamMix command. The combined wavefront is propagated a distance z=30 cm by the Fresnel command. After that the intensity is caculated and normalized to 255 (2 -> 255, 1 -> 1.0, 0 -> not normalized) by the Intensity command.

Objective lenstelescope

M = metal (no cover) LM = long working distance for metal SLM = Super long working distance for metal MX = high NA and long working distance for metal

U = universal objective lens. This objective lens achieves a high level of basic performance in terms of both differential interference performance and fluorescence performance capable of U excitation. It can be used for brightfield observation and fluorescence observation by blue/green (B/G) excitation, as well as for differential interference contrast (DIC) observation and fluorescence observation by U excitation.

In this post, we’ll share how to read the optical performance from the name of a microscope objective so that you can easily find the correct objective lens for your application. As our objective lenses for life science and industrial applications have different naming rules, we’ll discuss how to read the specifications for each field.

Like the life science objectives, industrial objectives marked PL or Plan are corrected for field curvature at the periphery of the field of view. This objective type is particularly suitable for imaging because it can focus not only on the center of the field of view but also on the periphery. This enables you to obtain a flat image from the center to the edge.

Makoto Kuwano has been in charge of microscope product development for 12 years at Evident. He currently works in the Optical Development Division, where he is involved in optical design of objective lenses, development of component products, and development of measurement techniques for product performance. He holds a Master of Science degree from Tohoku University in Japan.

Whichobjective lensshould be in position before you store amicroscope

L = long working distance objective lens. This is an objective lens with a long working distance (the distance from the tip of the objective lens to the specimen surface when focused). In general, there is a trade-off between resolution and working distance. If you want space between the objective lens and the sample, or if you want to observe deep parts, give priority to working distance over resolution.

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In addition to the name of the objective lens, information on the numerical aperture (NA), magnification, cover glass thickness, immersion liquid, and objective field number (OFN) is provided on the exterior of the objective lens. Below is an example of the UPLXAPO100XO objective that explains how to read these specifications.

LightPipes was written by Gleb Vdovin in 1993 for MS DOS. the output of a command was the input for the next command. Gleb used the "pipe" feature of MS DOS, that's why it is called LightPipes. The source code of LightPipes for UNIX can be obtained for free from http://www.okotech.com.

Objective lenses are crucial to a microscope’s performance as they affect the quality of the formed image. Evident offers more than 200 types of objective lenses to suit a wide range of imaging requirements in life science and industry. With so many options available, you might be wondering which objective is best for your work.

Fixed focal length lenses are commonly used optics in machine vision, being affordable products that are well suited for standard applications.

Objective lens

If the LightPipes library is successful installed on your computer Python can proceed with the next step. You probably want to plot the results, so import matplotlib:

The number before the X represents the magnification of the objective when combined with a tube lens from Evident with a focal length of 180 mm. Evident offers objectives with magnifications ranging from 1.25–150X.

This code indicates whether it is a dry objective lens used for observation without immersion liquid or an immersion objective lens for observation using immersion liquid. In the case of immersion objectives, the liquid used is represented by the symbol O for oil or W for water.

ACH = achromat. Excellent correction of chromatic aberration in two colors (blue and red). FL = semi-apochromat. Excellent correction of chromatic aberration in three colors (blue, green, and red). APO = apochromat. Corrects the chromatic aberration of three colors (blue, green, and red) better than FL.

The toolbox consists of a number of functions. Each function represents an optical element or a step in the light propagation. There are apertures, intensity filters, beam-splitters, lenses and models of free space diffraction. There are also more advanced tools for manipulating the phase and amplitude of the light. The program operates on a large data structure, containing square two-dimensional arrays of complex amplitudes of the optical field of the propagating light beam.

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We encountered problems when installing it on a Raspberry Pi 4.0. It seems that pyFFTW package is not compatible with the Raspberry (ARM processor). Maybe they will solve that in the future. In the mean time you can follow the instructions in the install section of our documentation to install pyFFTW on a Raspberry PI, or install the latest C++ version, 1.2.0, of LightPipes when Python 3.7 is installed on your Raspberry Pi. Type at a terminal prompt:

ACH = achromat. Excellent correction of chromatic aberration in two colors (blue and red). FL = semi-apochromat. Excellent correction of chromatic aberration in three colors (blue, green, and red).  APO = apochromat. Corrects the chromatic aberration of three colors (blue, green, and red) better than FL. SAPO = super apochromat. Good correction of chromatic aberration in the visible to infrared range (435 to 1000 nm). XAPO = extended apochromat. Good correction of chromatic aberration in the visible to infrared range (400–1000 nm).

The code M stands for metal, and it is an objective lens for observation without a cover glass. In addition, the following codes are used according to the length of the working distance and optical performance.

Objective lensmagnification

Our website provides a wide range of technical content and product information about our microscope objective lenses. For more details, simply refer to the following links:

Low powerobjective lens

We hope this list of microscope objective specifications was helpful! Be sure to bookmark it for easy reference when selecting an objective lens. If you are unsure about choosing an objective lens or have any questions, feel free to contact us. We can help you select the best objective based on factors such as sample type, imaging technique, numerical aperture, and desired magnification.

LightPipes is a set of functions written in Python (Before version 2.0.0 these functions are in C++). It is designed to model coherent optical devices when the diffraction is essential. We put the C++ based version of LightPipes in another repository: opticspy/clightpipes. The pure Python version is as fast as the C++ version due to the use of the numpy, scipy and pyFFTW packages.

Leonard translated the C++ code of LightPipes into pure Python, using the numpy, scipy and pyFFTW packages. Thanks to the matrix routines of numpy and the fast pyFFTW Fourier transform the speed of the pure python version is as fast as the C++ version. Also parallel processing is possible now, which enhances the speed even more. From LightPipes version 2.0.0 LightpIpes is pure python. As usual, it can be installed with pip:

The LightPipes routines are modifications of the LightPipes C routines written by Gleb Vdovin for Unix, Linux, DOS and OS2 workstations.

Objectives with PL or Plan are corrected for field curvature at the periphery of the field. This objective type is particularly suitable for imaging because it can focus not only on the center of the field of view but also on the periphery. This enables you to obtain a flat image from the center to the edge.

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The correction range for chromatic aberration differs for each code. There are three types, ACH, FL, and APO, and the chromatic aberration performance is defined in the same way as the objective lenses for life science.

DIC observation* is possible due to features such as the pupil position that matches the microscope system from Evident. In addition, it has good transmittance at 365 nm (the U excitation wavelength) and has low autofluorescence, enabling fluorescence observation by U excitation.

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What are the 3objectivelenses on amicroscope

Just like the life science objectives, the number before the X in industrial objectives represents the magnification of the objective when combined with a tube lens from Evident with a focal length of 180 mm. Evident offers objectives with magnifications ranging from 1.25–150X.

A plane wave is diffracted by two small holes, separated a distance, d. So two more or less spherical waves will propagate from these holes.

3 types ofobjectivelenses

Note that SAPO and XAPO are Evident's original names that indicate the grade of chromatic aberration. Detailed definitions of ACH, FL, and APO are described in ISO, so please refer to ISO19012-2.

*The objective may work with other observation methods not expressed in the code, including brightfield (reflected), brightfield (transmitted), darkfield (reflected), darkfield (transmitted), DIC (reflected), DIC (transmitted), phase contrast, relief contrast, polarization, fluorescence (B/G excitation), UV fluorescence (at 365 nm), multiphoton, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF), and infrared (IR). Please refer to our website for the full objective specifications.

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Objective lens microscopefunction

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We will use the MPLFLN100XBD objective lens as an example in the industrial field. Note that some of the specifications are the same as those of objective lenses for life science. For industrial objectives, you can understand the objective lens name at a glance by dividing it into five parts, 1 through 5.

Guyskk' s contribution to the development of the LightPipes C++ package was very important. His knowledge of Python helped a lot to get the package operative for the windows, macintosh and several linux platforms.

For life science, we’ll use the objective lens called UPLXAPO100XOPH as an example. You can understand the optical performance from the objective lens name by dividing the name into six parts, 1 through 6. Below is an overview, and we’ll explain each part in the following six sections.

Visit the website of Flexible Optical: http://www.okotech.com, where you can find the source code of LightPipes and a manual.

Fred rewrote the commands for using them in Mathcad and Matlab in 1996. Later he made a version for Python (2017). The Mathcad and Matlab versions (not free) can be obtained from Flexible Optical. The Python version can be obtained for free from https://github.com/opticspy/lightpipes. Fred also developed the LightPipes for Python website using Sphinx. Fred used LightPipes for his course "Introduction to Optics" at the University of Twente as an introduction to the optics lab. See how Fred is blowing out a HeNe laser during this lesson. (The laser stops because the outcoupling mirror was covered with vapor from Fred's breath)