Other procedures may be used or not depending on the situation and preference of the person doing the testing. They include:

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Today, we thought it would be a good idea to see how some of the latest camera technologies are being implemented into your devices to provide you with a better product.

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The ENG test is the gold-standard for diagnosis of ear disorders affecting one ear at a time. For example, the ENG is excellent for diagnosis of vestibular neuritis. Spontaneous nystagmus in ENG testing provides prognostic data regarding prognosis of sensorineural hearing loss (Junicho et al, 2008). The ENG is also useful in diagnosis of BPPV and bilateral vestibular loss, although the rotatory chair test is better at the diagnosis of bilateral vestibular disorders than is the ENG. The calibration and tracking tests are intended to diagnose central nervous system disorders, such as cerebellar degenerations. These tests are generally insensitive compared to an examination by a neurologist or an MRI scan. ENG, however, is much less expensive than an MRI in most institutions.

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There are many situations in which one's ENG methodology must be adapted to special patient groups. The links below discuss some of the more common clinical contexts.

Generally labs are less likely to do tests for which there is no payment. Thus reimbursement policy usually determines the thoroughness of patient testing. Recently (i.e. 2016), health insurance companies have dramatically cut reimbursement for caloric testing. This will likely result in much lower availability for this rather prolonged procedure, and a lowering of the level of patient care for dizzy patients. This is in spite of the fact that vestibular testing consumes a tiny portion of the health care budget. The massive big-ticket items these days continue to be surgical procedures with the new addition of biological treatments.

Practically, nearly everything listed here with very few exceptions can be done better at the bedside, but caloric testing requires a machine. So, at one extreme one might just do a caloric, and at the other extreme, 13 different subtests.

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The most common reason for "no response" on caloric testing is technical error or laziness - for example using air instead of water, or neglecting to take out the wax before doing the irrigation. Ice water usually gets around this by providing a stronger stimulus. Still, even ice water will not be able to get a caloric out of an ear impacted by wax.

Patients look as far as they can to one side for 10 seconds, then return to the center for 10 seconds. Then they look to the other side for 10 seconds, and again return to the center.

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These are all done upright with the head (chin) stabilized against voluntary head movement. Typical devices used for to produce visual stimuli are computer driven projectors, an array of light emitting diodes, and laser spots. The computer projector is the worst of the three, but by far the most convenient. In a dimly lit room, all three work reasonably well.

Tammy Kao is the Product Marketing Specialist for the Camera Business Division at AVer Information's HQ in New Taipei City, Taiwan. Tammy is on an investigative journey to provide you with everything you need to know about camera technologies and how they can change the way you do business, broadcast your content, and stream video.

Stage Tracking optimizes video capturing for superior tracking for events on stages and uses adaptive tracking algorithms to provide high-level tracking in obscuring lighting conditions. Stage Tracking lets users create a highly focused content box over the area in which they want their target to be captured. This focused content box provides cameras with exceptional tracking capabilities along a 2-D space.

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Matthew Hastings is the Global Marketing and Branding Strategist at AVer Information's Head Office in Taipei, Taiwan. Matthew works with our global teams to promote the AVer brand and help build unique strategies for AVer's full product lines of Unified Communication, Education, and Camera technologies.

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Strategic Tracking consists of Wide Area, Stage, and Segment tracking modes. Each one of these brings a different benefit to your video capture. Let’s dissect each one of these modes and explore the benefits.

The VHIT test is a "rising" test for unilateral vestibular loss as well. Here asymmetry between head thrusts to one side vs another are used to infer loss of high-frequency vestibular responses. The VHIT has the advantage that it is quick and has less variability than the ENG. On the other hand, it only assesses high-frequencies. The caloric response is a low-frequency input. Neither one assesses the entire spectrum.

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The goal of positional testing is first to detect positional nystagmus, and if there is positional nystagmus, to determine if it is due to the ear (usually BPPV), brain (central positional nystagmus), or neck (cervical nystagmus).

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Camera technologies play an integral role in allowing us to communicate and share information across vast distances. It is also important when it comes to reaching potential audiences. In order for video communication or activities like streaming, broadcasting, or recording to be successful and have an impact on your audiences the quality and technology behind your video device is important.

Sometimes patient, doctors, nurses or insurance companies ask why one does ENG testing. The purpose of the ENG is to determine whether or not dizziness may be due to inner ear disease.

After the testing is done, and patient sent on their way, the person doing the testing normally has to analyze the results. This basically means checking on the computer and correcting as many of it's errors that one can (there are myriads of errors, not all of which can be corrected).

The next set of procedures are mainly done with the patient supine, and as they can induce vertigo, are best saved for the end. They are sometimes called the "vestibular battery".

After one analyzes the results, one should summarize your impressions, and print the entire thing out -- yes, all 10 pages or so. Be sure that what you supply to the referral source has enough data that they or at least someone else could "read it" themselves. A purely textual report is worthless, unless you happen to be a well recognized expert on ENG testing.

We recommend doing the test with water (as long as the ear drums are not perforated), and doing at least 4 irrigations, in this order, with the start of each always at least 10 minutes from the previous start.

They all presently cost somewhere in the neighborhood of $30,000. What you get for this is a computer and special purpose software to record eye movements elicited by the procedures above, hardware needed to record eye movements, and devices to present a visual target or squirt water into someone's ears. You also get service -- which is very important. Usually things are constantly breaking with these devices that have all these moving parts, and one normally gets to know ones service department people by first name. The caloric irrigator ordinarily breaks down every few years.

These last ones are low yield procedures, that are generally not paid for by insurance companies, and that we think are best saved for special situations. Bedside testing is generally more sensitive than ENG versions of these tests too.

Wide Area Tracking allows for target tracking in a three dimensional region. This is perfect for large auditoriums or for classrooms where the tracked target may leave the front to interact with people or objects not directly on the stage. Wide Area Tracking even allows for the tracked target to be blocked by crowds and will pick tracking the target back up as soon as they become visible to the camera again.

A sequence of spots displaced at roughly 4 second intervals is shown, and the patient asked to follow them. Both horizontal and vertical displacements are usually used, although not interleaved. Random directions and timing is used to make the test unpredictable.

Positional testing is generally much more sensitive at the bedside, but it is often done as part of the ENG anyway. The reason why the bedside is more sensitive, is because the clinician can see torsion. The ENG doesn't measure torsion, and usually the tiny little computer generated images shown on the ENG monitor are useless for torsion too.

The reason for this order (others are possible) is so that each irrigation does not "add" to the previous irrigation. If one were to, lets say, follow cold-right with warm left, and perhaps were a bit rushed and didn't wait for 10 minutes, the two irrigations might add. Another problem is that the "reversal" phase of a caloric irrigation might add on to the next one. You avoid both of these problems if you wait 10 minutes.

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The caloric test is the only part of the ENG that one can't do (often better) at the bedside. One should do a very good job on this critical procedure ! It takes a very long time, it is messy, and patients usually are unenthused about them. So, there is temptation to cut corners, but it is a terrible idea !

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The procedure for "ice" is the following: Obtain ice water, using a large syringe with a blunt tip, irrigate that ear with 25 cc over about a minute. If there is any nystagmus at all, turn the patient over on their stomach so that the head is prone. There is only a "response" if the nystagmus reverses.

These procedures can cause trouble because dizzy patients sometimes get dizzier when their inner ear is stimulated. If available, an anti-vomiting drug that doesn't affect ENG testing may be helpful.

Here patients look at a visual target for at least 10 seconds, and then simply look straight ahead in the dark for at least another 30 seconds. While is very simple, the result of comparing fixation and complete darkness is very valuable and it can diagnose vestibular neuritis as well as a host of more unusual types of nystagmus.

If there is no response from one or both ears (i.e. less than 5 deg/sec of nystagmus in total), then one MUST do ice water calorics on that ear to be sure that it/they is not a "dead" ear.

Dslrcamera

The vibration test is done using similar methodology to the spontaneous nystagmus test, but entirely in the dark. First one has the patient look straight ahead in the dark. Next one vibrates over the left neck. One then waits another 5 seconds, and switches to the other neck. There are then four segments to the recording - -dark, vibration left, dark, vibration right. This is an emerging test -- very useful !

The third tracking mode is the perfect setup for capturing content in education or business locations where multiple presentation boards are in use. Segment mode allows for 4 individual content boxes to be placed over the FOV. Once the target is set your camera will begin to track the target, but will only move between the preset content boxes when the target leaves and enters into a new box. This is a great way to capture content that might be shared on screens, boards, interactive flat panels, or projectors.

Practically it is best to go from procedures that are done in the upright position, and are unlikely to be very disturbing, to ones that are more stimulating.

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In the author's clinical practice, we have two ENG systems - - #1. ENG equipment supplied by Micromedical Technologies, Inc. #2 A system made by ICS. Each system has its pros and cons and both leave a huge amount of room for improvement. There are many other vendors. See this page for more details about ENG vendors.

There are four main parts to the ENG. The calibration test evaluates rapid eye movements. The tracking test evaluates movement of the eyes as they follow a visual target. The positional test measures dizziness associated with positions of the head. The caloric test measures responses to warm and cold water circulated through a small, soft tube in the ear canal.

If there is horizontal nystagmus during the Dix-Hallpike, one should also do the supine roll test as well as the vertebral artery test.

Prior to doing ENG testing, patients should he instructed regarding medications that they can or cannot take prior to the test.

We will just make a few comments here. Most ENG testing is presently done using commercial devices sold by a small number of audiology device makers. A list is given here.

Analysis is best done if one knows what one is looking for. For example, if the patient has positional vertigo, then one looks very hard for BPPV. If the patient is deaf on one side, then one looks carefully for signs of vestibular weakness.

Conventionally, patients are reclined so that their head is about 30 degrees elevated r. e. the horizontal. Water at either 7 degrees above or below body temperature is flushed into the ear on one side for 30 seconds. Once the irrigation is done, the patient is "tasked" -- given mental jobs to do to keep them distracted. Nystagmus typically builds up and then decays away over about 5 minutes.

Junicho M, Fushiki H, Aso S, Yukio W. Prognostic value of initial electronystagmography findings in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss without vertigo. Otol Neurotol 29:905-909, 2008

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Patients watch a bright spot that moves smoothly across a screen, at a selection of velocities and frequencies. There are several methodologies here -- best of all is a laser galvanometer. However, computer projectors work reasonably well. We are unenthused about LED arrays used to generate this stimulus.

Facial recognition and identification technologies integrated in cameras are becoming more and more popular as industries and companies move further into ‘big data’. Traditionally ‘big data’ was seen only as your digital footprint, but as facial recognition has improved we are beginning to see your actual physical characteristics and actions be transformed into data called biometrics. This shift will play an integral role in the future of many industries and will most likely leave marketers with an unimaginable new play toy in the future.

Here we are discussing a collection of procedures typically called "Electronystagmography" or "Videonystagmography". We will use the term "ENG" for both unless otherwise qualified.

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AVer introduced Strategic Tracking with the release of the PTC500S Professional Auto Tracking Camera earlier this year. Strategic Tracking incorporates three uniquely designed target tracking configurations that allow for precision tracking for perfectly captured video in a variety of different shooting environments, without the need of a professional operator. If you’re interested in learning more about how auto tracking works and the future of its use in biometrics check out our interview with AVer Product Manager Longer Hung here.

Beyond just the benefits facial recognition can bring to ‘big data’ it also can bring in what we like to call ‘internal corporate data’. Facial recognition can be used by companies to see how often their equipment is being used. For example, if a company wants to see how much time, how often, and what team is using their video conferencing equipment, facial recognition can help them keep track of this and provide them with the data to make decisions regarding investments in new systems or maybe the need to add another system to free up more time for their employees.

This is why we are always striving to provide new and innovative ways for your cameras to perform. Outfitting your communications networks and content creation devices with the latest technologies in video resolution and quality-of-life provide you with a better user experience, while also allowing you to provide your audience with a more engaging, professional looking product.

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ENG testing is difficult and there are an immense # of errors that can be made. See this page for an attempt to list the more common ones.

Required for any professional PTZ camera, motor design makes a big difference in the quality of your video. Designs of camera motors vary wildly from camera to camera and as the maximum zoom on cameras increase, specialty motors are required in order to ensure smooth and fluid video. Motors that are designed with a smaller step degree provide a better video experience and allow for fluid video at a higher zoom. You wouldn’t believe the difference between a 0.1° step and a 0.5° step motor (click the image above to see). So make sure when you are purchasing your next PTZ camera you make sure that you are getting a quality product by checking its motors step degrees.

The figure above illustrates the Dix-Hallpike test, which is the core positional test. In this test, a person is brought from sitting to a supine position, with the head turned 45 degrees to one side and extended about 20 degrees backward. One records for 30 seconds or until the nystagmus stops, and then returns the person to upright and records for 10 seconds or until the nystagmus stops. Then one repeats the same process in the other direction. A positive Dix-Hallpike tests consists of a burst of nystagmus (jumping of the eyes). The eyes jump upward as well as twist so that the top part of the eye jumps toward the down side.

The purpose of this page is to outline the procedures that we recommend for doing ENG testing. It is not intended to supply much information about interpretation - -this can be found elsewhere.