In the optimization, the operands FTGT (Full Thickness Greater Than) or DSAG (Can calculate different sag data like the maximum sag) could be used to control this.

2023925 — The standard compound light microscope has 3 objective lenses to provide different magnification powers, resolving abilities, and fields of view.

Mirrorlesscamera

Aspheres are more challenging to manufacture due to their non-conventional shape. Mobile phone lenses are usually produced through injection plastic molding. Plastic is injected into a mold with the aspheric form. The repeatability of this process is very good, which is why injection molding is a good option for producing large quantities.There can be some disadvantages in using plastic as these lenses structure tend to be less stable. This will be studied later by using a FEA modelling along the STAR module. To able to manufacture the mold, there are a few things to keep an eye on:

Here are the new MTF results with this lightly reoptimized design. On axis, the MTF curve is very close the diffraction limit:

In the patent, the STOP surface is located at the edge of the 1st Extended Asphere lens using a dummy surface. To learn more about the STOP definition, have a look at this post: https://community.zemax.com/got-a-question-7/are-you-choosing-a-physical-stop-3113

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- Not all tooling machines support- Not easy to calculate sag- Hard to decide whether Qbfs or Qcon is better on the first try

Injection-molded plastic is often used to produce these lenses, in high volumes and at low cost. The table below summarizes the pros and cons of plastic vs glass lenses. But please note that plastic materials can be further divided into families of plastic and each of these families will exhibit specific characteristics (COC = Cyclic olefin copolymer, COP = Cyclic olefin polymer, PMMA (acrylic), PC=Polycarbonate, PEI = Polyetherimide) (3).

The optical design here consists of 5 Extended Aspheres. At the front there is a cover glass to protect the optics. At the back we can see an optional infrared filter. It is described in the patent as used to “reduce or eliminate interference of environmental noise on the photosensor”.

The merit function is targeting a small RMS wavefront as well as the MTF for all fields at 200 lines/mm to be superior to 0.2. Another option could be to use the contrast optimization. The merit function can also include operands to control the distortion and the relative illumination. These operands can have a small weight or a weight of zero and be checked after a first round of optimization. Sometimes these values are fixed in software post-processing.

The Sag Table & BFSD (Best Fit Sphere Data) operand define the total volume of material to be removed from the Best-Fit-Sphere (BFS). All of these analyses give important information on the manufacturability and testing of the asphere:

From the patent, the mobile phone lens module has been modified with real plastic materials and a different polynomial definition. The MTF performances are not met, so let’s rework slightly the design to meet them. Using OpticStudio optimization tools, a merit function can be built to reoptimize slightly the thicknesses. Hopefully this step will be enough to ensure good performances. The thickness of the IR filter is not changed as it is a standard thickness for an IR filter.

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All these tools have associated operands that can be added to the merit function to control non-manufacturable solutions. For example, let’s have a look at surface 13. It is a Gullwing surface with a base radius of curvature of 0.777mm:

The FFT through focus MTF shows the sensitivity of the design in terms of image plane position. Here is the shift is +/-0.015mm for a frequency of 200cycles/mm.

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OpticStudio offers a tool to convert between asphere definitions, so let’s swap for a Q-type asphere. Since we have strong aspheric variations from a sphere, we will use the Qcon type (“Type 1”).

Freie-Elektronen Laser wie FLASH oder der Europäische Röntgenlaser mit ihrer extremen Brillanz und ultrakurzen Röntgenpulsen bieten ideale Voraussetzung für diesen neuen Ansatz zur Stukturanalyse, wie Wilfried Wurth, wissenschaftlicher Leiter der FLASH Facility bei DESY und Professor an der Universität Hamburg anmerkt.

Optimizing for aspheric terms need some care as aspheric terms may fight each other and high order coefficients might lead to non-manufacturable shape. The 2nd order term can fight with the curvature and is not available with some manufacturing hardware – it is available in OpticStudio for completeness. The 4th order term can fight with the conic constant. In general, the values of the coefficients can't be compared easily. It is difficult to tell which order has the largest effect based on the value of the coefficients.

Next Article: Designing Cell phone Camera Lenses Part 2: Optomechanical Packaging with OpticsBuilder where we will edit optics with Zemax OpticsBuilder to extend lenses with complex edges, so they can be fitted into a mechanical mounting.

The f-number of an optical system, such as a camera lens, is the ratio of the focal length of the system to the diameter of the entry pupil in optics ("clear ...

- Fewer choices of refractive index- dn/dT: The index change vs temperature is large (10x) compared to glass.- Thermal expansion: The thickness change vs temperature is large (10x) compared to glass.- Most have a lower melting temperature point (<120oC)- Most absorb water- Some have high birefringence

Physikern der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Nürnberg-Erlangen (FAU), vom Deutschen Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, und der Universität Hamburg ist es gelungen, für die Abbildung von kleinsten Strukturen erstmals eine Bildgebungsmethode anzuwenden, die wie üblich Lichtbeugung nutzt, jedoch hierbei nicht auf die Kohärenz des Lichtes bei der Streuung angewiesen ist.

This file is in the attachments and is called 710_original.zar.The MTF specifications are not met when we directly enter the lens prescription given in the patent in OpticStudio.

In terms of optimization criteria, the points to consider will be the spherical aberration, the coma, the astigmatism, the field curvature, the distortion, the chromatic aberration, the relative illumination and the resolution (or MTF).

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The design can be reviewed surface by surface to check the manufacturability and define the best way to test those surfaces.

If the Number of Terms is set to Automatic, OpticStudio automatically determines the proper order for the new asphere based upon the order of the old asphere.

The Coaxial Light Guide And Illuminator is designed to aid the investigator in the visualization and photography of impression evidence on all reflective ...

Q-Type Aspheres are more computationally intensive than the Extended Even Asphere. However, they have several advantages. The magnitude of the coefficients directly relates to the slope or sag departure from the best fit sphere or conic (depending on Type 0 or Type 1). The terms are orthogonal over the normalization radius, so can be controlled directly during optimization to help improve manufacturability. It means that the terms can be optimized together because they do not directly affect each other. The values of the coefficients are also usually larger, so it requires fewer digits of precision

- Cannot determine contribution to the coefficients to each other and can conflict with each other- Cannot determine unique shape- Can carelessly use high order coefficients

One issue appears after the optimization of thickness. The thickness of surface 14 is now too small and the profile of surfaces 14 and 15 overlaps.

Während in herkömmlichen Bildgebungsverfahren, die auf kohärenter Lichtbeugung beruhen, erheblicher Aufwand betrieben werden muss, um die Kohärenz der Strahlung, d.h. die phasentreue Schwingung der elektromagnetischen Welle beim Streuprozess, aufrecht zu erhalten, verwendet die neue Methode lediglich inkohärentes Licht. Das Verfahren, das hier erstmalig im Bereich weicher Röntgenstrahlung demonstriert wurde und bisherige Methoden der diffraktiven Optik revolutionieren könnte, wurde nun im Journal „Nature Physics“ veröffentlicht.

So, the maximum field in object height measures 1103mm. With this field, the software is unable to calculate the relative illumination so we will reduce that value down to 1000mm, which corresponds to an angle of 45 degrees.

... industrial cameras into human processes, it is necessary to select cameras with image sensors appropriate to the intended use. Variables include image ...

To correct this issue, we can simply increase the air space between surface 14 and surface 15 and remove the extra thickness from surface 16. This will also help to mount the lenses.

This is why sometimes Q-Type Aspheres are preferred over Extended Aspheres. Q-Type Aspheres have orthogonal terms. The Q-Type Asphere is a radially symmetric surface developed by G. Forbes. It has two variations:

Let’s see what the camera sees using the Image Simulation. As the full field of view is 95 degrees, we are going to switch from field angles to field heights. A pixel in degree at an angle of zero degree might not be the same size as the pixel in degree at 47.5 degrees.

Camera lens

The Relative Illumination (RI) analysis computes the relative illumination of the optical system as a function of the radial field coordinate for a uniform Lambertian scene. It tends to decrease at the edge of the field because of the cosine fourth law. The cosine fourth law is observed in a thin, slow aberration free system with the STOP at the lens; the image irradiance falls off as the cos4 of the field angles.

This patent is using Extended Asphere polynomials. The most used polynomials for these kinds of systems are Extended and Q-Type Aspheres. Both are available in OpticStudio.

Die grundlegende Technik des Verfahrens ist dabei nicht neu. Bereits 1956 verwendeten Hanbury, Brown und Twiss (HBT) inkohärentes Licht, um den Durchmesser von Sternen zu bestimmen. In den Folgejahren wurde der Technik jedoch im Hinblick auf die Abbildung von kleinsten Strukturen wenig Beachtung geschenkt. „Während die Bestimmung des Durchmessers eines einzelnen Objekts wie eines Sterns durchaus möglich war, war keinesfalls vorherzusehen, dass die Methode auch auf die mikroskopische Strukturanalyse übertragen werden kann, schon gar nicht auf komplexe Geometrien mit einer Vielzahl von Lichtquellen in zwei oder drei Dimensionen“, betont FAU-Professor Joachim von Zanthier. „Ein weiterer entscheidender Aspekt: Während beim HBT Experiment lediglich Intensitätskorrelationen zweiter Ordnungen zum Tragen kommen, haben wir Intensitätskorrelationen bis zur fünften Ordnung bestimmt und diese gewinnbringend für die Rekonstruktion der Anordnung der Streuzentren eingesetzt. Damit kann die strukturelle Information in unserem Verfahren in kleinere Anteile gesplittet und somit leichter und mit erhöhter Präzision ermittelt werden.“

Dieser Effekt limitiert die Anwendung kohärenter diffraktiver Röntgenbildgebung: „Meist überwiegt bei Röntgenlicht die inkohärente Streuung, etwa in Form von Fluoreszenzlicht, das durch Photonenabsorbtion und anschließende Emission entsteht“, erklärt Anton Classen von der FAU, Erstautor eines Artikels im Journal „Physical Review Letters“, in dem vor einigen Monaten das genannte Verfahren erstmals theoretisch vorgestellt wurde. „Dadurch wird ein diffuser Hintergrund erzeugt, von dem man bisher dachte, dass er nicht für die Bildgebung genutzt werden kann, sondern vielmehr die Abbildungstreue kohärenter Methoden reduziert.“

Pinholecamera

Mobile phone lenses are small form factor cameras, meaning that they are designed to minimize the amount of space they take in the mobile phone. They are lightweight and capture high-quality image at low F#. The usual specifications for mobile phone lenses are a very short system (Total Track (TOTR)<5mm) as mobile phones are getting thinner and thinner, MTF>0.2/0.25 at the Nyquist frequency (this is determined with the size of the detector pixel.), a large field of view and a Fast F#.

Telephotolens

For this reason, let’s add a paraxial lens and change the field angles to field objects. The object thickness is set 1000 mm (so the object will be at 1m). Enter a new surface at surface 1 and make it a paraxial surface with a focal length of 1000mm. Set the paraxial surface thickness to be 10 mm. Then convert the field angles to field heights.

For an angle of 47.5 degrees, it would predict a RI > \(cos^{4}(47.5)\), so roughly 21%. The Relative Illumination plot finds a higher value. It is plotted for fields along +Y.

The MTF vs field shows the MTF at specified frequencies (here at 50, 100, 150 and 200 cycles/mm)  as a function of the field. It shows how the MTF changes with the field angle.

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Optooptics

Die neuartige Methode weist dabei einen weiteren entscheidenden Vorteil auf. „Je kleiner die abzubildenden Strukturen werden, desto größer wird der Anteil des inkohärent gestreuten Lichts“, erläutert Ko-Autor Ralf Röhlsberger vom DESY. „Während die kohärente Bildgebung hier mit zunehmenden Intensitätsproblemen zu kämpfen hat, profitiert unsere Methode davon.“ Das Verfahren birgt somit das Potential einer grundlegenden Verbesserung der Strukturanalyse in Biologie und Medizin.

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The patent gives the index of refraction and abbe number of the plastic lenses. Let’s swap these with materials that have close characteristics:

This effect is used in optical fibers to confine light in the core. Most modern optical fiber is weakly guiding, meaning that the difference in refractive ...

The diagonal of that image is 400 pixels =\(\sqrt{{(\frac{640}{2})^{2}+(\frac{480}{2})^{2}}}\). So the field height will be 1200 =\(\frac{480*1000}{400}\). It means that the pixel size is 2.5mm =\(\frac{1200}{480}\). The magnification is -0.002, so the pixel size at the image will be roughly 5um.The system is diffracted limited and the airy disk radius is 1.4um. Based on our specification, the pixel size of the detector is 2.5um. So, let’s oversample by 2 to make the “optical” pixel size smaller.

Genau diese inkohärente Strahlung machten sich die Forscher nun zu Nutze, um erstmals im weichen Röntgenbereich mittels diffus gestreuten Lichts des Freie-Elektronen-Lasers Hamburg (FLASH) am DESY eine Struktur in Form eines Benzolrings abzubilden. „Unsere Arbeit schafft die Basis für ein grundlegend neues Verfahren in der Röntgenbildgebung, da wir in dem Experiment gezeigt haben, dass komplexe Strukturen mit kurzen Wellenlängen auch mittels inkohärent gestreuter Photonen rekonstruiert werden können“, erklärt Raimund Schneider von der FAU, Erstautor des Artikels über die experimentellen Ergebnisse.

Seit mehr als 100 Jahren wird kohärentes Licht von Röntgenstrahlen verwendet, um die Struktur von Kristallen und Molekülen zu bestimmen. Dabei wird das Prinzip der Beugung und Überlagerung genutzt, dem alle Wellen unterliegen: Lichtwellen, die aus Photonen bestehen, werden von den Atomen im Kristall abgelenkt und überlagern sich. Misst man ausreichend viele dieser Photonen mit einem Detektor, erhält man ein charakteristisches Beugungsbild, aus dem die Anordnung der streuenden Atome bzw. die Kristallstruktur abgeleitet werden kann. Voraussetzung hierfür ist jedoch, dass die Wellen kohärent gestreut werden. Ist die Streuung der Photonen inkohärent, besteht also keine feste Phasenbeziehung mehr zwischen ein- und ausfallender Welle, kann mittels konventioneller Röntgenbildgebung nicht mehr auf das Verteilung der Atome rückgeschlossen werden kann.

Below is a comparison between a N-BK7 glass from Schott and a PMMA plastic from ALCON. It shows where some of these characteristics can be read in the Material Catalog:

- Coefficients do not conflict, shape is unique- The Qcon surface represents the sag departure, and we can quantitatively judge their contribution to the shape

This article is part of a four-series articles that will discuss the challenge of smartphone lens modules, from the conception and design to the manufacturing and analysis of structural deformation. This article is part one of the four-part series. It will focus on the design, analyses, and manufacturability of the lens module in OpticStudio.Designing Cell phone Camera Lenses Part 2: Optomechanical PackagingDesigning Cell phone Camera Lenses Part 3: STOP analysis by using STAR module and ZOS-API

Cover – Surface 1-2L1 – Surfaces 5-6L2 – Surface 7-8L3 - Surfaces 9-10L4 - Surfaces 11-12L5 - Surfaces 13-14IRCF - Surface 15-16

Smartphones have become an important part of our everyday life and contain a host of high-tech optical systems to meet the demand for great imaging performance. Most smartphones have multiple complex and low-cost camera units fitted in a limited space. This presents a challenge to designers as well as to manufacturers. The injection-molded plastic lenses require an accurate alignment, but every module must work when mounted.

The change of thickness for each lens is very small (<0.1mm). The “original” file and “new” file are compared below using the File Comparator:

For third-order aberration correction, the field curvature is corrected by lowering the Petzval Sum, which can require a large index of refraction difference to correct effectively. Due to the limited choice of index in plastic lenses, designers use highly aspheric lenses in shape, to correct each field.