I used an 85mm lens on a full-frame camera to make this natural light portrait. I set the aperture to f2.8 to blur the background. This is a typical setting for portraits.

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For that reason it’s handy to think of a zoom lens as several focal lengths in one. For example, if you have an 18-55mm kit lens, you can think of it as three lenses with focal lengths of 18mm, 35mm and 55mm. Some zooms have important focal lengths marked on the barrel to help you with this.

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It’s a good idea to ask yourself how to use the characteristics of your lenses to best effect. It’s about working work with your lenses rather than fighting against them.

But if you step back and use a smaller aperture the background comes into focus. In this sense a standard lens is extremely versatile.

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Keywords: Baltimore; People who inject drugs (PWID); injection behaviors; syringe service programs (SSPs).

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The focal length may be shorter but there’s still a narrow field of view. The 85mm lens behaves in a similar way to the 150mm lens in this respect and you can’t see much of the background in the photo. This is another reason why an 85mm lens is such a good portrait lens.

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In this example, the kit lens is a wide-angle lens at 18mm, a standard lens at 35mm and a short telephoto at 55mm. They behave quite differently. Understanding how the choice of focal length affects composition, as well as perspective and field of view, helps you choose the best one to use.

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That doesn’t mean you should ignore the in-between focal lengths as there are always times when they come in useful. But it will help you learn how those three important focal lengths work, and what the differences between them are.

The wider field of view of wide-angle lenses mean that you can fit much more of the scene in the photo. That’s one of the reasons wide-angle lenses are popular for landscape photography.

Standard lenses are said to have a perspective similar to that of the human eye. A photo made with a standard lens doesn’t have the compressed perspective of a telephoto or the exaggerated perspective of a wide-angle.

For example, if you are using a telephoto lens is there a way you can use the compression effect – that is the way it magnifies the background and draws it closer to the subject – more creatively?

The distance between the camera and the subject compress perspective, pulling the background close to the woman and baby. This is quite dramatic. Combined with the moody lighting it creates a cinematic effect similar to that used in some movies.

Focal length

I used an aperture of f8 to get the entire scene in focus. This is different to the approach I used with in the earlier photos made with telephoto lenses, where I wanted the background to be out of focus.

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It’s harder to see in this photo as the background is out of focus, but the compression effect evident in the first photo is also happening here.

The telephoto lens has a narrow field of view and captures just part of the scene. This focal length is good for capturing detail, but not for including the entire scene.

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The Helios 58mm is an old, manual focus lens that you can use with most modern cameras using an adapter. It’s known for the swirly bokeh effect you get with the aperture wide open.

I was able to make a portrait of the woman standing against the wall and include the background. This helps give the portrait a sense of place. Compare that to the previous images where you see far less of the portrait subject’s environment.

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The combination of wide aperture and long focal length means there isn’t much depth of field. Part of the background is out of focus which helps create separation between the woman and the buildings behind her.

Introduction: People who inject drugs (PWID) are at increased risk for infectious disease transmission, including hepatitis C and HIV. Understanding trends in injection risk behaviors and syringe service program (SSP) use over time can help improve infectious disease prevention and other harm reduction services. Methods: Using National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System data from Baltimore, Maryland, we examined changes in receptive sharing of (1) syringes, (2) injection equipment, (3) syringes to divide drugs; and (4) receipt of syringes from SSPs among PWID from 2009 to 2018 (n = 518 in 2009, n = 638 in 2012, n = 586 in 2015, and n = 575 in 2018) using unadjusted and adjusted logistic models calculated across time for the total sample. Results: The conditional probability of receptive sharing of syringes and receipt of syringes from SSPs remained relatively stable, while receptive sharing of injection equipment and receptive sharing of syringes to divide drugs dropped substantially after 2009. White race and daily injection frequency were positively associated with sharing syringes and injection equipment and negatively associated with SSP use over time. In 2015, there was a notable shift such that women were twice as likely as men to receive syringes from SSPs and less likely than men to report the use of shared syringes or equipment. Conclusion: Findings indicate overall steady or decreasing trends in injection risk and steady trends in SSP usage over time, with some notable improvements among women and indications of shifting drug market patterns. Injection-related risk behaviors remain high among White PWID and may require targeted outreach and interventions.

We made the portrait in a forest and I positioned the model in a shaft of light falling between the trees. As a result the background was darker than the model which also helped create separation.

Standard lenses are interesting – if you get close enough to your subject and use a wide aperture then you can throw the background completely out of focus.

The effect of focal length is easier to see if you use prime lenses as there’s a dramatic change when you switch from one to the other. It’s less distinct with zoom lenses.

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Focal length and aperturerelationship

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Just like the first photo, this portrait has a shallow depth of field thanks to the wide aperture of f2.8. This helps separate the model from the background.

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Lenses also have other characteristics that contribute to the look of the photo. One of these is bokeh, the aesthetic quality of the out of focus parts of the photo. Factors like the shape of the lens aperture and the quality of the lens elements affect the bokeh.

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As you learn more about your lenses you will become better at selecting the best one to create the effect that you want.

Wide-angle lenses encourage you to get close to the subject, which has the effect of pushing the background into the distance and making it seem further away.

Hopefully the examples in this article help you understand how the focal length and aperture of your lenses affect the look of the photo.

I used a focal length of 150mm and an aperture of f2.8 on an APS-C camera to create the above photo. It was made in the city of Potosí, Bolivia.