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It follows that any projector is specific to a UI toolkit. By exchanging the projector, one can present the same presentation model in a different UI toolkit.

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Exchangeable projectors enable quick and safe migration when the UI toolkit changes as well as multichannel support for other UI toolkits.

With this general knowledge about the proposed structure of the projector pattern, let's have a look into possible implementations in various technologies.

The implementation section lists two open-source projects and much more projects of that kind can be found in public repositories (GroupHub, DuploFX, faceted search, etc.). There is even an extension into embedded devices showcasing the power of the pattern but running the same code against a software and a hardware UI.

Rich presentation models do not only manage a value (let's say the first name of a person) but also lots of additional information that is needed for the presentation: the label, help, tooltip, and whether it is optional, enabled, editable, valid, dirty (changed by user and not yet saved) and so on. Since this additional information can change at runtime, it must be observable (see Observer Pattern).

Another prerequisite is the availability of a presentation model abstraction. We will explain that a little later. If presentation models are not yet available, they can be created quite easily.

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One might assume that many of the issues can be solved by source code generation. But code generation and templating approaches often don't yield enough flexibility in the view construction:

The code size is massively reduced and contains less structural duplication, which leads to reduced testing effort and fewer bugs.

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The projector in Figure 1: Projector Pattern Overview takes rich presentation models as input and creates a presentation by "projecting" the presentation models in the target UI toolkit. Such a presentation creates the view from UI elements as available in the target UI toolkit and binds the presentation models to those elements.

If the views need to change in visualization or behaviour, the change can be applied in one single place - the projector - and the whole application is updated at once. Fine-tuning the UI suddenly becomes inexpensive. Better UIs emerge. Users are delighted.

OpenDolphin makes prolific use of the projector pattern in its demo applications as shown in the following code excerpt. Full version.

The projector pattern can be used with many languages and UI toolkits. Below are two such usages, one for the Java platform and another one for JavaScript/Web.

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Pretty much any implementation of the projector pattern and any application that uses the pattern also makes use of many classical "Gang of Four" Patterns, in particular: Observer, Singleton, Decorator, Adapter, Interpreter, Template Method, Strategy, Composite, Abstract Factory. Functional languages can replace many of those with higher-order functions and function composition.

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No business logic ever touches any UI element but only presentation models, which are UI-toolkit agnostic. All business logic can therefore be tested without the UI and remains untouched when UI-specific code needs to change.

Once you have created your first projector that creates - let's say - a standard form, you can enjoy the efficiency boost that comes from creating as many forms as you want from only a single line of code. These forms all look consistent and work consistently by design. That is nice. Users love UI consistency.

The projector pattern has emerged from the work of many developers. The current form was mainly influenced by Prof. Dierk König, Dr. Dieter Holz, Gerrit Grunwald, and Andres Almiray. We present the pattern in classical structure as introduced by Christopher Alexander.

When using the projector pattern in the context of a classical model-view-controller (MVC) structure, our presentation models take the role of the model (M) and are only accessible through the controller (C). This in turn means that any projector does not work directly with the presentation model but with one or many controllers.

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Please note that variation in the projectors is not confined to the visual representation. You can also provide variety in UX paradigms. One set of projectors can for example use traditional save/cancel buttons while a different set goes for direct manipulation where all choices are directly applied (like in most Apple UIs).

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The pattern can only work if we have a UI toolkit with elements (aka components, widgets) that expose a binding facility. Binding means that we can listen for changes in the element (view binding) and we apply changes to the element (data binding). Some such UI toolkits are: JavaFX, Swing, AWT, SWT, WFC, HTML/DOM, Tk, GTK, and Fox. The pattern is not designed to work with command-line user interfaces.

Kolibri makes prolific use of the projector pattern in its examples as shown in the following code excerpt where a form is created with one line of code.

UI development no longer produces costly throw-away code but rather becomes an investment that pays off over time.

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Implementation remarks: in a Java/C#/TypeScript-like type system, it is often helpful to make projectors interchangeable by means of the Abstract Factory Pattern. In JavaScript, projectors become interchangeable by putting them in modules. The user imports the module of the specific projector that he wants to use.

Following the arrows in Figure 2: Projector Pattern Structure reveals the important dependencies. But it is equally important - if not more so - to recognize the arrows that are not available:

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Have you ever heard "we had no time to make a better UI"? This is a direct result of the bad economics behind throw-away-and-redo UIs. Needless to say that it is not a morale booster to work for the trash can and the best and brightest developers might want to work on something that is more appreciated.

The general solution idea is to create a projector abstraction, which - depending on the programming language - can be an object, a function, a module, or a data structure with enclosed logic.

Note that a projector creates view and binding as runtime abstractions, not as source code. One can therefore see the projector as an instance of the Interpreter Pattern.

The video of a conference talk that introduces the pattern is available here . (german)

Moreover, this code is UI-toolkit specific and needs to be replaced with any change of the toolkit. The sheer amount of code can make this prohibitively expensive, which leads to the costly and risky "solution" of redoing the presentation layer all over again. The UI code becomes a throw-away artefact without the chance to improve and mature.

All these benefits come with one downside: when replacing so-many views with just one projector, then this more general projector is likely to be more complex to implement and test. But, luckily, it has to be tested only once.

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View creation becomes as simple and efficient as choosing from a catalog. Views do not only come with a consistent "look" but also a consistent "feel". They all react to user input in the same way throughout the application.

Many closed-source projects have used the projector pattern successfully in the finance industry, banking, insurance, trading, logistics, retail, public service, and more.

Let's introduce the concept of an Attribute to store all these observables. This gives us for example a "firstname" attribute. Many such attributes (firstname, lastname, birthdate, etc.) can be bundled in a presentation model (here: the person presentation model).

But then, you may want to throw in some variation, let's say a two-column form instead of one-column. Or add a search form, a master-detail view, a dashboard, and so on. Perfect. Create a projector for each of those. You will quickly find that most applications only have so-many different schemes. Make a catalog of your projectors like in Figure 3: Projector Catalog, let your business chose from it, and all the lengthy discussions about how the UI should look like are gone.

Figure 2: Projector Pattern Structure connects the structural pieces of the projector pattern and shows their relation. It places the projector pattern in the context of a classical MVC application where access to the presentation models in funneled through a supervising controller.

Projectors are compositional: one projector can create a view and binding that a second projector aggregates. A projector for a "week" might aggregate seven projectors for a "day".

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The Kolibri examples show the use of the projector pattern right in the browser with explanations and links to the code that implements and code that uses the pattern. You might want to check out: Simple Form , Work Day , and Work Week .

Such rich presentation models contain all information and capabilities that a projector needs in the binding to make the UI toolkit elements automatically synchronize with their models.

The Abstract UI Toolkit Pattern can be seen as a competitor for the aspect of being able to render the same UI information on different specific UI toolkits. This is true but abstraction over different toolkits is difficult to get right without falling back to the least common denominator and making the UIs unambitious.

Implementing dedicated views for many screens including model binding leads to much code that needs to be created, tested, and maintained. Such code tends to be full of structural duplication, which leads to all sorts of problems like keeping the UI look and feel consistent, having to fix a single bugs in many places, etc.

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The absence of knowledge is crucially important as it constrains the possible harm that any piece of code might do.

The aspartate-99 of secreted phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has been proposed to be critical for the catalytic mechanism and interfacial activation of PLA2. Aspartate-99 connects the catalytic machinery (including the catalytic diad, the putative catalytic waters W5 and W6, and the calcium cofactor) to the hydrogen-bonding network. The latter involves Y52, Y73, the structural water, and the N-terminal region putatively required for the interfacial activation. A triple mutant of bovine pancreatic PLA2 with substitutions aspartate plus adjacent tyrosine residues (Y52,73F/D99N) was constructed, its X-ray structure was determined, and kinetic characteristics were analyzed. The kinetic properties of the D99N mutant constructed previously were also further analyzed. The X-ray structure of the Y52,73F/D99N mutant indicated a substantial disruption of the hydrogen-bonding network including the loss of the structural water similar to that seen in the structure of the D99N mutant published previously [Kumar, A., Sekharudu, Y. C., Ramakrishnan, B., Dupureur, C. M., Zhu, H., Tsai, M.-D., & Sundaralingam, M. (1994) Protein Sci. 3, 2082-2088]. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that these mutants possessed considerable catalytic activity with a k(cat) value of about 5% compared to WT. The values of the interfacial Michaelis constant were also little perturbed (ca. 4-fold lower for D99N and marginally higher for Y52,73F/D99N). The results taken together suggest that the hydrogen-bonding network is not critically important for interfacial activation. Instead, it is the chemical step that is perturbed, though only modestly, in the mutants.

Various attempts to source code generation had varied degrees of success in the past like CASE tools and model-driven-architecture (MDA). This approach has its areas of applicability, but you have to do it really well to succeed, and it is very easy to not doing it well enough.

The projector pattern is designed to be used for user interfaces with potentially many screens that can be classified into typical schemes. Such schemes might include one-column-form, two-column-form, search form, dashboard, etc.

A common question is how the projector pattern relates to "components" because those also create a visual representation and are meant to be compositional. The answer is that projectors often use one component or many components to create the view and use the component's binding facilities to synchronize with the presentation models. In short, it is a "used-by" relationship.