Even if you drop the camera from a height or into water, it will be able to withstand the fall to an extent. If you are an adventurer/ explorer, this camera is for you.

A compiler implementation can define other embed parameters all it wants—look for these non-standard parameters in your compiler’s documentation.

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Here, the difference is in the build quality. Rugged cameras are all-weather and all-terrain cameras targeted toward adventurers.

It might be sensible to try to detect if these are available before you use them, and luckily we can use __has_embed to help us here.

But it turns out it’s a lot more powerful than just being able to include things. You can define macros that are substituted… and even macros that take arguments!

Another post mentions elimination of comments—that in GCC, a comment after a # will not be seen by the compiler. Which I don’t doubt, but the specification doesn’t seem to say this is standard behavior.

It was Polaroid Corporation who introduced this type of cameras to the market. Hence, these cameras are also known as Polaroid cameras.

A macro is an identifier that gets expanded to another piece of code before the compiler even sees it. Think of it like a placeholder—when the preprocessor sees one of those identifiers, it replaces it with another value that you’ve defined.

If you use angle brackets, the preprocessor looks in a series of implementation-defined places to locate the file, just like #include would do. If you use double quotes and the resource is not found, the compiler will try it as if you’d used angle brackets in a last desperate attempt to find the file.

This is one funky directive, short for “pragmatic”. You can use it to do… well, anything your compiler supports you doing with it.

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Don’t use a backslash (\) for your path separators in your #include! It’s undefined behavior! Use forward slash (/) only, even on Windows.

Some compilers have a non-standard complementary #warning directive that will output a warning but not stop compilation, but this is not in the C11 spec.

They also come with a detachable lens feature. Nikon and Canon have come with adapters, to mount the existing DSLR lenses onto the mirrorless cameras.

Embedding an infinite number of bytes is hard on your RAM, so the limit parameter gives you a way to stop after a certain number.

The standard defines a lot of built-in macros that you can test and use for conditional compilation. Let’s look at those here.

Also, it’s possible that an implementation might allow this to be overridden in some way, e.g. on the command line or with parameters.

The rise of smartphones with good cameras resulted in the decline of point and shoot cameras. Some smartphone even allows you to capture the image in RAW format, which you can edit later.

We’ve already seen this to an extent with #include! That’s the C Preprocessor! Where it sees that directive, it includes the named file right there, just as if you’d typed it in there. And then the compiler builds the whole thing.

There are many different models from Polaroid, and other Instant camera manufacturers. Kodak and Fujifilm are the other known manufacturers of Instant cameras.

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A # on a line by itself is ignored by the preprocessor. Now, to be entirely honest, I don’t know what the use case is for this.

The /dev/random example above is an example of the motivation for this—in Unix, that’s a character device file that will return an infinite stream of pretty-random numbers.

This is a maximum value, not an absolute value. If the file that’s embedded is shorter than the specified limit, only that many bytes will be imported.

Tying it all back in to header files, we’ve seen how we can cause header files to only be included one time by wrapping them in preprocessor directives like this:

__FILE__, __func__ and __LINE__ are particularly useful to report error conditions in messages to developers. The assert() macro in uses these to call out where in the code the assertion failed.

Thus, it is an excellent option to photograph wildlife and sports if your budget is low or if you are not interested in a DSLR/ mirrorless camera.

It comes as a 2-piece solution. There will be a wireless controller and a drone. Some drones will come with an app along with the drone. You can install this app on your smartphone and turn your phone into a wireless controller.

As we all know, there are different types of cameras available in the market. The user can choose an appropriate one depending upon the features and end use.

Types of camerasfor film

Again, for the unmatched #if clauses, the compiler won’t even see those lines. For the above code, after the preprocessor gets finished with it, all the compiler sees is:

It can also be used to replace or modify keywords, a concept completely foreign to const, though this practice should be used sparingly.

What if you’re on a pre-C23 compiler and you don’t have #elifdef or #elifndef directive support? How can we get the same effect with #if? That is, what if I wanted this:

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Another popular type of camera is the drone camera. You can use drones to photograph a different perspective of the subject.

But we actually still have the same problem which might manifest if we have a higher-precedence operator than multiply (*) nearby.

What file always exists, though? Turns out we can use the __FILE__ macro, which expands to the name of the source file that references it! That file must exist, or something is seriously wrong in the chicken-and-egg department.

Luminous lines when darkness falls. Sometimes an eye-catcher. At other times showing the way. optical highlight.

Oops! Since multiplication takes precedence, we do the \(4\times3=12\) first, and get \(3+12+4=19\). Not what we were after.

Point and Shoot cameras are compact cameras. It is useful for people who want to capture vacation and family pictures. These are for people who are not interested in photography and just wanted to capture images.

This is a really powerful way to initialize an array with binary data without needing to convert it all to code first—the preprocessor does it for you!

4types ofcamera

A question often arises for when to use parameterized macros versus functions. Short answer: use functions. But you’ll see lots of macros in the wild and in the standard library. People tend to use them for short, mathy things, and also for features that might change from platform to platform. You can define different keywords for one platform or another.

Canon and Nikon are the two popular manufacturers of DSLR cameras. You can also get DSLR cameras from Fuji, Pentax, and Sigma also.

10types ofcamera

Let’s do some macros that solve for \(x\) using the quadratic formula. Just in case you don’t have it on the top of your head, it says for equations of the form:

See how HELLO was replaced with "Hello, world" and PI was replaced with 3.14159? From the compiler’s perspective, it’s just like those values had appeared right there in the code.

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We can get the filename out of the __FILE__ macro, and the line number from __LINE__. The message is already a string, but x < 20 is not, so we’ll have to stringify it with #. We can make a multiline macro by using backslash escapes at the end of the line.

This parameter defines what the embed result should be if the file exists but contains no data. Let’s say that the file foo.dat contains a single byte with the value 123. If we do this:

DSLR cameras come with a detachable lens. You can change the camera lens based on the type of photography. If you are doing landscape photography, you can mount a wide angle lens, and for wildlife photography a telephoto lens.

Let’s start with the one we’ve already seen a bunch. This is, of course, a way to include other sources in your source. Very commonly used with header files.

These types of cameras are mostly suited for people who always want to have some camera in their pocket or for those who don’t want to carry separate cameras.

Notably if the limit is set to 0, then the if_empty will always be substituted. That is, a zero limit effectively means the file is empty.

Types of camerasfor photography

Here’s a chunk of code that will get 5 random numbers from the random number generator character device. If that doesn’t exist, it tries to get them from a file myrandoms.dat. If that doesn’t exist, it uses some hard-coded values:

But the next time it’s included, we see that MYHEADER_H is defined, so we don’t send the header file to the compiler—it gets effectively removed.

We can make use of the characteristic that these are only applied to non-empty files to neat effect, as shown in the following example shamelessly stolen from the spec.

If you put an #if 0 (“if false”) at the front of the block to be commented out and an #endif at the end, you can get this effect:

(It looks a little weird with __FILE__ out front like that, but remember it is a string literal, and string literals next to each other are automagically concatenated. __LINE__ on the other hand, it’s just an int.)

This demonstrates how a macro persists across files and multiple #includes. If it’s not yet defined, let’s define it and compile the whole header file.

That’s just a couple values separated by a comma—and we can use that as a “combined” argument of sorts to printf() like this:

The angle brackets tell C, “Hey, don’t look in the current directory for this header file—look in the system-wide include directory instead.”

Macros are more powerful than simple substitution, though. You can set them up to take arguments that are substituted in, as well.

Now—are these always bytes? Meaning they’ll have values from 0 to 255, inclusive? The answer is definitely by default “yes”, except when it is “no”.

The size of the file in bits must be a multiple of the element size. That is, if each element is 8 bits, the file size (in bits) must be a multiple of 8. In regular everyday usage, this is a confusing way of saying that each file needs to be an integer number of bytes… which of course it is. Honestly, I’m not even sure why I bothered with this paragraph. Read the spec if you’re really that curious.

Hasselblad is one of the popular medium format camera brands. Fuji and Pentax are the other well-known brands in these types of cameras.

Mirrorless camera

DSLR gives you the ability to record images in RAW format. You can later post-process images in Adobe Photoshop or Lightroom.

They come with a fixed lens and variable focal length. You will not be able to get the telephoto reach in a point and shoot camera.

At first I thought that just using squirrely braces would be enough, but there’s a case where it fails if the coder puts a semicolon after the macro. Here’s that case:

It’s important to remember that these decisions happen at compile time! The code actually gets compiled or removed depending on the condition. This is in contrast to a standard if statement that gets evaluated while the program is running.

Note that the macros don’t have a specific type, per se. Really all that happens is they get replaced wholesale with whatever they’re #defined as. If the resulting C code is invalid, the compiler will puke.

In the early days, medium format cameras used 120mm films. In this digital age, the film got replaced by the digital camera sensor with a size similar to the 120mm film. Few manufacturers still produce medium format film cameras. It comes with a bigger camera sensor and at a higher price.

During the early days of photography, we use film as the medium to record images. Later, film got replaced by the camera sensor and memory cards.

For example, if you have a binary file named foo.bin that contains four bytes with decimal values 11, 22, 33, and 44, and you do this:

This is not something supported by the C23 standard, but there could be implementation extensions defined for it in the future.

Overall, this gives you a way to define constant values that are effectively global and can be used any place. Even in those places where a const variable won’t work, e.g. in switch cases and fixed array lengths.

There’s also a way to have a variable number of arguments passed to a macro, using ellipses (...) after the known, named arguments. When the macro is expanded, all of the extra arguments will be in a comma-separated list in the __VA_ARGS__ macro, and can be replaced from there:

This works very much like the #ifdef and #ifndef directives in that you can also have an #else and the whole thing wraps up with #endif.

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You can control the Aperture and Shutter speed in the camera. Now, camera manufacturers have almost stopped producing these types of cameras for photography due to the lack of demand.

It’s possible to get the preprocessor to decide whether or not to present certain blocks of code to the compiler, or just remove them entirely before compilation.

Let’s check it out. What if we wanted to compute SQR(3 + 4)? Well, \(3+4=7\), so we must want to compute \(7^2=49\). That’s it; 49—final answer.

Nowadays, we are getting good cameras in Smartphones itself. Almost, all smartphones come with dual cameras, one in the front for selfies and one at the back.

In summary, used angle brackets (< and >) for the system includes, and use double quotes (") for your personal includes.

Image falling on the camera sensor can be seen directly on the viewfinder. This makes mirrorless cameras lightweight and easy to handle. Mirrorless cameras allow you to record images in RAW format.

Rugged cameras are shockproof and waterproof cameras. Specification wise, it is similar to a point and shoot digital camera.

Action cameras/ GoPro Cameras are known for their miniature size, capable of fitting into places where it is tough to mount normal cameras.

Let’s see if we can use this to greater effect so that we can pass any int variable name into a macro, and have it print out it’s name and value.

There are all kinds of parameters you can specify to the #embed directive. Here’s an example with the yet-unintroduced limit() parameter:

Normally, __has_embed() will just tell us if the file is there or not. But—and here’s the fun bit—it will also return false if any additional parameters are also not supported!

In a DSLR camera, you can get a direct view of the scene through the camera’s optical viewfinder. Both full-frame and half-frame camera options are available in DSLR cameras.

Technically, the elements will be CHAR_BIT bits wide. And this is very likely 8 on your system, so you’d get that 0-255 range in your values. (They’ll always be non-negative.)

Let’s say we have a file foo.dat that has some data it in. And we want to use this to initialize an array, and then we want a suffix on the array that is a zero element.

The wide variety of lens options is one factor that makes DSLR cameras quite popular. All the current DSLR cameras are also capable of recording videos. Some can even record 4K videos.

In that example, we define EXTRA_HAPPY (to be nothing, but it is defined), then on line 8 we check to see if it is defined with an #ifdef directive. If it is defined, the subsequent code will be included up until the #endif.

But what if the file foo.dat is zero bytes long (i.e. contains no data and is empty)? If that’s the case, it would expand to:

Already mentioned, just above, you can turn any argument into a string by preceding it with a # in the replacement text.

They are a little heavy and bulky when compared to the DSLR/ Mirrorless cameras. The bulkiness is mainly due to the large camera sensor.

What if you want something more complex, though? Perhaps you need an if-else cascade structure to get your code built right?

They generally come with a fixed focal length lens made of plastic. You cannot expect high-quality pictures from a disposable camera.

We can split header files into two categories: system and local. Things that are built-in, like stdio.h, stdlib.h, math.h, and so on, you can include with angle brackets:

Before your program gets compiled, it actually runs through a phase called preprocessing. It’s almost like there’s a language on top of the C language that runs first. And it outputs the C code, which then gets compiled.

Types of camerasCCTV

This feature makes smartphone cameras more attractive to people who are looking for DSLR camera features in a compact size.

While the spec allows for all kinds of behavior with #include, we’re going to take a more pragmatic approach and talk about the way it works on every system I’ve ever seen.

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If you are looking for extremely high-quality images, you should go for medium format cameras. It is the first choice of camera for fashion photographers.

Adding asserts to your code is a good way to catch conditions that you think shouldn’t happen. C provides assert() functionality. It checks a condition, and if it’s false, the program bombs out telling you the file and line number on which the assertion failed.

There’s also the negative sense of “if defined”: “if not defined”, or #ifndef. We could change the previous example to output different things based on whether or not something was defined:

Among the different types of cameras for photography, point and shoot cameras are lightweight and, you can easily carry them in your small bag.

You can get both Crop (APS-C) camera bodies and full-frame camera bodies in mirrorless cameras. You can get mirrorless cameras from popular brands like Sony, Nikon, and Canon.

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So if we give it a file that we know exists as well as a parameter that we want to test for the existence of, it will effectively tell us if that parameter is supported.

In this guide, we will cover the different types of cameras for photography and videography. If you are looking to buy a new camera, this guide can help you to pick the right camera.

Here, the image would be recorded in JPEG format. Most Point and Shoot Cameras use AA batteries. Only a very few cameras come with custom batteries.

Mirrorless camera is the current popular type of camera in the market. The mirrorless camera will not have an optical viewfinder. Instead, it will have an electronic viewfinder. This removes some amount of weight from the camera body.

A DSLR camera is the short form of Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera. It is the second most popular types of cameras in the market. Most professional photographers will have one DSLR camera in their kit. It is actually a combination of a digital imaging sensor with a single lens reflex camera.

On lines 3 and 4 we defined a couple macros. Wherever these appear elsewhere in the code (line 8), they’ll be substituted with the defined values.

in that case, the macro exists and is defined, but is defined to be nothing. So anyplace it occurs in the text will just be replaced with nothing. We’ll see a use for this later.

But what if you already have limit defined somewhere else? Luckily you can put __ around the keyword and it will work the same way:

If you are looking for a one-time-use camera, go for a disposable camera. Such cameras will either come with a 135mm film or APS cartridge. Some cameras do come with an inbuilt flash.

#embed works like #include in that it effectively pastes values in before the compiler sees them. This means you can use it in all kinds of places:

Some smartphones even have triple or quad cameras at the back, one for portrait shots, one for macro, one for telephoto, and the other for wide-angle shots. With the help of software in smartphone, you can get DSLR-like blur effects on the photos .

Here’s one non-standard example of using #pragma to cause the compiler to execute a for loop in parallel with multiple threads (if the compiler supports the OpenMP133 extension):

Also note that the plan is that the version numbers will strictly increase, so you could always check for, say, “at least C99” with:

Which, of course, implies that there must be a way to include local files from the current directory. And there is: with double quotes:

The only difference is that the constant expression after the #if must evaluate to true (non-zero) for the code in the #if to be compiled. So instead of whether or not something is defined, we want an expression that evaluates to true.

Bridge camera, as the name suggests lies in between point and shoot cameras and DSLR cameras. These types of cameras come with a fixed lens, and most bridge cameras cover the telephoto focal range.

I have good reason to believe that __STDC_EMBED_NOT_FOUND__ is 0 and the others aren’t zero (because it’s implied in the proposal and it makes logical sense), but I’m having trouble finding that in this version of the draft spec.