One of the chip's most important features, outside of the photodiodes, is the analog-to-digital converter, which is built directly into the circuit. It reads the electron charges collected by the photodiodes and translates them into binary data that is then used to create the digital image. A CMOS sensor typically incorporates other functionalities as well, such as image processing, exposure control or temporary buffering.

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The photodiodes convert the captured photons into electrons, much like tiny solar cells. Each photodiode is surrounded by transistors that amplify the electron charges and transmit them across the chip via tiny wires in the circuitry. The transistors also reset the photodiodes so they're ready for the next image.

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CMOS sensors are used to capture images in digital cameras, digital video cameras and digital CCTV cameras. They can also be found in devices, such as scanners, barcode readers and astronomical telescopes. In addition, they're used for robotic vision, optical character recognition (OCR), satellite photography and radar imaging enhancement, especially for meteorology. CMOS sensors are also found in internet of things (IoT) devices. These sensors enable IoT devices to respond to image input from the physical environment.

Der eigentliche Durchbruch gelang dann mit der auch offiziell für den Export produzierten Nikon S (1950–1955). Die Nikon S2 (ab Ende 1954) hatte als erste Nikon das heute übliche Bildformat 24x36mm. Die von 1957 bis 1965 gefertigte Nikon SP wies eine professionelle Ausstattung auf.(Bild der Nikon I)

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Die Unternehmensgeschichte geht zurück bis auf das Jahr 1917, in dem sich die drei Unternehmen Tokyo Keiki Seisaku Sho, Iwaki Glass Manufacturing und Fujii Lens Seizo Sho am 25. Juli zur Nippon Kogaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha zusammenschlossen. Die Fusion wurde von dem Konzern Mitsubishi unterstützt, zu dem Nikon auch heute noch gehört.

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Mit der Firmengründung 1917 durch drei führende Optikhersteller als Japanische Optische Gesellschaft beginnt die Erfolgsgeschichte als Hersteller von Spitzenoptik. Seitdem beweist Nikon Weitblick und lässt optische Visionen Wirklichkeit werden.

For example, Canon has developed a CMOS sensor that locates the photodiodes above the transistor layer, making light collection more efficient. The result is less image noise and better image quality. Such improvements are putting CMOS sensors on par with CCD and helping them make inroads into the higher-end digital camera market and in other areas.

Die Nikon Corporation, gelistet im Nikkei 225, ist ein japanischer Hersteller von Fotoapparaten, Objektiven und anderen optischen Präzisionsgeräten wie Mikroskopen, Ferngläsern und Spektiven. Im Jahr 2002 hatte das Unternehmen etwa 14.000 Angestellte. Hauptsitz ist Tokio. Auf dem europäischen Markt ist Nikon seit etwa 1961 aktiv vertreten, als die Nikon AG Switzerland in Zürich gegründet wurde. Das Unternehmen zählt zu den weltweit bedeutendsten Unternehmen für Fototechnik.

How does image sensor workphysics

A CMOS sensor contains an array of minuscule cells (photodiodes) that capture photons at their various wavelengths and intensity when the light strikes the chip's surface. A lens is often used to focus the light before it reaches the sensor, as is the case of digital cameras. The CMOS sensor is typically covered by a mosaic array of red, blue and green filters that the chip uses for color detection.

Nikon besitzt auch ein sehr umfangreiches Angebot an Ferngläsern, Laser-Entfernungsmessern, Beobachtungsfernrohren (Spektive) und Zielfernrohren.

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At the same time, the CCD architecture also offers several benefits over CMOS. CCD sensors have long been known for producing less noise, achieving greater light sensitivity and delivering higher image quality. That said, advances in CMOS technology have greatly improved CMOS sensors, and the distinction in quality between the two types is no longer as clear-cut as it once was.

Image sensorexample

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Zu den bekanntesten Produkten von Nikon gehören Kleinbild- und Digitalkameras, Nikkor-Objektive sowie die Nikonos-Unterwasserkameras. Die erste Kamera mit dem Namen „Nikon“ war die am 7. März 1948 vorgestellte Messsucherkamera Nikon I, die der Contax II aus Deutschland nachempfunden war und auch deren Bajonettanschluss hatte, jedoch mit Abweichungen in der Steuerkurve, welche bei längeren Brennweiten zum Tragen kommen, und dem ungewöhnlichen Bildformat 24 x 32 mm. Seinen internationalen Ruf begründete Nikon mit dem weitgehend baugleichen Nachfolgemodell Nikon M, das von 1949 bis 1950 angeboten wurde.

For example, the manufacturing process commonly incorporates photolithography, a production method that uses light to transfer a circuit's pattern to a thin photosensitive layer covering the silicon substrate. This pattern is then transferred to the substrate through a multiphase etching process.

Image SensorPrice

Aber ganz gleich ob Sie nun hinter der Kamera ein Fachmann sind, die Fotografie als Ihr leidenschaftliches Hobby betrachten oder einfach nur unkompliziert gute Bilder machen wollen: Nikon bietet jedem das passende Handwerkszeug, mit dem sie oder er einfach perfekte Fotos machen kann. Alle, die einmal den Auslöser einer Nikon Kamera betätigen, sollten eines gemeinsam haben: höchsten Anspruch an jegliche Form der Fotografie. Einen Anspruch, den auch Nikon seit über 100 Jahren in der Optik hat.

The CMOS architecture also reduces the amount of power needed to capture an image. In contrast to CMOS sensors, CCD sensors must actively use power to gather light because the cells are not surrounded by transistors, causing them to be less power-efficient.

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CMOS sensors are also faster than their CCD counterparts because CMOS chips can incorporate functionality directly into the chip. In addition to capturing photons, they can carry out other operations important to creating quality images. Because of this multifunction design, the electrical charges can be read more easily and quickly, resulting in faster readout times.

Weitere wichtige Geschäftsfelder des Unternehmens sind die Fertigung von Mikroskopen für den wissenschaftlichen Bereich und die Produktion von komplexen optischen Systemen für die Qualitätssicherung, die Vermessungstechnik und die Herstellung von Halbleiterbauelementen (Stepper).(Nikon Fernglas Monarch HG)

The process of manufacturing CMOS sensors is similar to the process used to build other types of CMOS chips, such as those used for microprocessors or memory modules. CMOS sensors can be built in the same high-volume wafer plants as the other chips, often leveraging similar methods.

In addition to the sensor itself, a single CMOS chip can incorporate other functions, which eliminates the need to offload those functions to another device. This can help improve read-out times and reduce power consumption, compared to other types of image sensors.

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A CMOS sensor is an electronic chip that converts photons to electrons for digital processing. The chip is based on complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, which is widely used for many of today's integrated circuits. CMOS itself is a type of metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), a common type of field-effect transistor that can act as an electrical switch or amplifier.

CMOS sensors are often compared to charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors, especially when discussing digital cameras. CCD sensors have a similar structure to CMOS sensors, but they take a different approach to how they shift electrons off the sensor. These differences result in each type offering both advantages and disadvantages when compared.

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In der Branche ist Nikon eines der am längsten am Markt bestehenden Unternehmen. Der Erfolg begründet sich aus dem kompromisslosen Streben nach Qualität. Im Bereich Sport Optics bietet Nikon eine Vielzahl an Produkten für jeden Anspruch, ob Naturbeobachtung, Sport oder die Jagd.

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CMOS sensors are generally easier to build than CCD sensors. Manufacturers can take advantage of the same processes and infrastructure used to build other types of chips, making it possible to create CMOS sensors at a larger scale and lower cost. CCD sensors have more complex circuitry, which translates to a more complex manufacturing process. As a result, CCD sensors are more expensive to build, limiting their use in low-cost consumer devices.

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