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Linear polarization is when the light's electric field is confined to a single plane along the propagation direction. Defined relative to the plane of incidence ...

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Handheld UV Lamps ... UV lamps can be used for observing and imaging DNA and RNA gels. They are essential devices for medical hygiene, bio-engineering, molecular ...

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The Department of Energy Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences program supports five of the world’s most powerful light sources. These five light sources are user facilities – facilities that are open to researchers from around the world. The research and development, planning, construction, and operation of these facilities are managed by the Basic Energy Sciences program’s Scientific User Facilities  Division. The five light source user facilities include:

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A liquid light guide is an excellent alternative to traditional fiber bundles. These light guides are cheaper and provide greater durability.

Light sources have an impact in almost all areas of science. They allow researchers to discover new materials for batteries, solar panels, microelectronics, as well as quantum materials. They can look at processes during a material’s formation or how it degrades with use to understand how to make better materials. They are able to see into operating devices, even at the nanoscale, and gain information you can’t get otherwise. They can image cells and other biological systems, even in 3D, revealing the basic processes of life. They can even tell the structure of very complicated molecules like proteins. This has led to new vaccines and treatments for deadly diseases, including COVID-19.

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Different wavelengths of light are useful for different purposes. Argonne National Laboratory notes that in general, wavelengths shorter than visible light, such as the short end of X-rays, can peer into atomic structure. This means that X-rays can identify the elements in a sample of material. The shortest wavelength X-rays (sometimes called “hard X-rays”) are ideal for determining the positions of atoms within a crystal or a molecule. Longer-wavelength X-rays (sometimes called “soft X-rays") and ultraviolet light are good choices for studying chemical reactions. Infrared light is useful for studying atomic vibrations in molecules and solids. The longest infrared light, called terahertz waves, is useful for examining certain types of electronic structure—the way electrons and their energy are arranged around an atomic nucleus.

Polarizing filters have a polarization axis that acts as a slit. This slit passes electromagnetic waves (often visible light) that have an electric field ...

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Light sources are a type of particle accelerator that produce powerful beams of X-rays, ultra-violet, or infrared light. These beams are similar to how holding an envelope in front of a bright light can reveal something about what’s inside the envelope. But by using special types of light vastly more powerful than the X-ray machine in a doctor’s office, these light sources help scientists see inside matter. It’s like seeing inside an envelope without opening it. This gives scientists the power to reveal how materials behave at microscopic or nanoscale sizes as well as at ultrafast speeds.

Particle accelerators designed for producing light operate a little bit differently than the high energy physics machines used for probing the secrets of fundamental particles. Instead of colliding particles to see what comes out, light sources use the particle beam to directly emit light. By passing it through a device called an undulator that creates an alternating magnetic field, the beam path undergoes a series of small oscillations. Each time the path is bent, the particles emit photons. There can be dozens of these oscillations in an undulator, and the photons emitted from each add up to a very intense beam, about one billion times brighter than a typical medical X-ray machine. Each light source can accommodate many undulators and can serve dozens of different experiments at one time.

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Light sources operate at specific ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. This spectrum includes all the different types of electrical and magnetic energy in the universe. They are divided according to the size of the waves in which they travel. The visible light we use to see is a tiny part of this spectrum. X-ray, ultra-violet, and infrared light are other parts of this spectrum, each with their own range of wavelengths.

Scientific terms can be confusing. DOE Explains offers straightforward explanations of key words and concepts in fundamental science. It also describes how these concepts apply to the work that the Department of Energy’s Office of Science conducts as it helps the United States excel in research across the scientific spectrum.

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