“Such a capability would assist in quick deployment of the tank in operating conditions that are remote and difficult to access through road or rail. With these two phases of internal performance trials, which were actively supported by the Indian Army and the IAF, the tank would be undergoing some more trials before being offered for user trials,” the statement added.

In nonlinear absorption, does the laser pulse duration also affect the absorption coefficient alongside with the intensity?

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Light absorption processes e.g. in solid materials generally arise from the interaction of the electromagnetic wave with electrons, exciting those to excited energy levels. Thereafter, it takes some time (the electron–lattice thermalization time) for that energy to be transferred to the atomic nuclei, i.e., to vibration energy. That typically happens within a couple of picoseconds, and thereafter it takes far longer times to distribute that heat over some volume of the medium. That means that the thermalization, let alone the heat conduction, can take far more time than the pulse duration of a femtosecond laser. That has important implications for laser material processing with ultrafast lasers, where the involved processes cannot be understood as simply heating up the material. Instead, one is dealing with highly non-equilibrium states of matter, which can lead to rapid application of material while very nearby other material, not directly hit by the laser radiation, is not even significantly heated.

If the incident light is in a coherent state, exhibiting the standard shot noise level, the extra noise added through linear absorption is just enough to keep the residual light at the shot noise level (which is relatively stronger for weaker light).

Saturable absorption can also be considered as a kind of nonlinear absorption. Here, however, the absorption coefficient is reduced under the influence of intense light, e.g. because the starting electronic level for the light absorption is depleted.

Absorption of light can also have electrical effects. For example, there are photoresistors, where the electrical resistance is reduced by absorbed light. In photodiodes and phototransistors, one exploits the internal photoelectric effect, related to the excitation of electric carriers by light absorption.

The tank is expected to be ready for induction into service in 2027, strengthening the army’s posture against the Chinese forces along the contested Line of Actual Control (LAC).

Non-transparent objects can be attributed an absorptance, which is the fraction of incident light which is absorbed rather than transmitted, reflected or scattered.

More specific terms: infrared absorption, excited-state absorption, pump absorption, light-induced absorption, multiphonon absorption, multiphoton absorption, two-photon absorption, pump absorption

“The design to realisation to demonstration (of capabilities) at high altitude has been achieved in three years,” it said. The latest firing trials were carried out in the Ladakh sector.

Impurities can also modify intrinsic absorption features – for example, shift the band gap energy and the corresponding absorption edge when a semiconductor compound is formed.

As absorption coefficients are wavelength-dependent, one often produces absorption spectra, showing an absorption coefficient as a function of wavelength or optical frequency.

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There are also many cases where a material contains some absorbing dopant while the host material itself exhibits only negligible absorption. This is the case for solid-state (doped-insulator) gain media.

In some special cases, nearly all of the absorbed light causes fluorescence rather than heat, and there can be even a net cooling effect (→ laser cooling). It may even happen that at some (typically longer) wavelengths one obtains laser amplification for strong enough excitation of the medium, usually involving a population inversion. The medium may then generate laser radiation which may remove a substantial fraction of the deposited energy.

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The tank has been designed as a 25-tonne class armoured fighting vehicle to meet the requirements of the armed forces for high altitude applications, the ministry said in a statement on Thursday.

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The development comes three months after the tank fired for the first time at the Mahajan firing range near Bikaner. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) then announced that it had successfully conducted the preliminary field trials of the tank whose performance was exceptional.

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Evolution of output power and gain when an Yb-doped fiber laser is switched on. One can see the relaxation oscillations, with convergence towards the steady state. Each red or gray segment corresponds to 0.2 μs.

Various types of processes, which would in principle be avoidable, lead to extrinsic absorption for example in optical glasses, in nonlinear crystal materials and in laser crystals:

A general distinction is between intrinsic and extrinsic absorption. Extrinsic absorption (also sometimes called parasitic absorption) results from things which could in principle be avoided – for example, from impurities and structural defects which could be absent in pure high quality material. Intrinsic absorption results from basic properties of the pure material.

If absorption of light causes heating of the absorbing medium, that will subsequently lead to thermal expansion. The heating is often strongly inhomogeneous; for example, it may occur within a focused laser beam. The local thermal expansion then leads to mechanical stress in the medium, which can even result in fracture when the deposited thermal power or energy is sufficiently high. Further, the temperature causes a slight local modification of the refractive index, which (together with stress-related effects) can cause thermal lensing effects.

The term absorption is not only used for absorption processes, but also often for related quantities, e.g. instead of absorption coefficient.

The Chinese People’s Liberation Army has inducted and fielded several modern tanks, including light tanks with a high power-to-weight ratio, across LAC.

As light carries energy, the absorption of light is associated with the deposition of energy in the absorbing medium. In most cases, that energy is mostly converted into heat, although sometimes a substantial amount of the received energy is radiated away as fluorescence.

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The Indian Army has deployed scores of heavier Russian-origin T-72 and T-90 tanks in the Ladakh theatre, but they have their own limitations as they were designed for operations in plains and deserts. The need for light tanks with adequate firepower, protection, surveillance and communication capabilities was felt after the border row with China erupted.

NEW DELHI: India’s new light tank Zorawar, designed for rapid deployment and high mobility in the mountains, has achieved a “major milestone” by firing several rounds at different ranges at an altitude of more than 4,200 metres, with accurate results, the defence ministry said on Thursday.

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It has been named after the legendary general, Zorawar Singh, who led the Dogra forces a record six times, between 1834 and 1841, to victories in Ladakh and Tibet. In May 1841, he led a 5,000-strong Dogra force into Tibet and within weeks overran the Chinese forces and captured their Mantalai flag.

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If light is absorbed by atoms or molecules of a gas, light forces associated with the absorption may become relevant. They can be used for Doppler cooling, for example.

Linear absorption means that the absorption coefficient is independent of the optical intensity. There are also nonlinear absorption processes, where the absorption coefficient is a linear or higher-order function of the intensity. For example, two-photon absorption is a process where two photons are absorbed simultaneously, and the absorption coefficient rises linearly with the intensity. Multiphoton absorption processes of higher order are often involved in laser-induced damage caused by intense laser pulses.

Through different kinds of processes, which are explained in the following, light can be absorbed in various media. This implies that the optical energy is converted into some other form of energy (but sometimes back again to optical energy). In most cases, the energy is eventually transformed into heat (thermal energy).

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The light tank can be transported by air, is capable of amphibious operations, can fire at high angles of elevation and perform the role of limited artillery.

The user trials could take 12 to 18 months as the army will test the performance of the tank in summer, winter and high altitude before it can go into production.

The tank has been jointly developed by DRDO and Larsen & Toubro under Project Zorawar to meet the Indian Army’s requirement for 354 light tanks. It was developed from scratch in two years. DRDO chief Samir V Kamat reviewed the first prototype of the tank at L&T’s Hazira facility in Gujarat on July 6 when it was unveiled.

Even simple linear absorption processes introduce some amount of quantum noise. This can be intuitively understood by considering that some of the incident photon are randomly removed, while other photons remain in the light beam. An initially perfectly regular stream of photons (→ amplitude-squeezed light) would thus be converted into a random stream of photons, exhibiting some intensity noise.

Absorption in a semi-transparent medium is usually quantified with an absorption coefficient, telling which fraction of the optical power is lost per unit length. The inverse of an absorption coefficient is called an absorption length. The absorption of a given length of material (e.g. of a plate with a certain thickness) can be quantified with an absorbance.

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Further, the modified population in electronic states can substantially modify the absorption at the wavelength of the absorbed light and also at other wavelengths. It has already been mentioned above that absorption may be saturated. In other cases, light absorption is strongly increased by the light-induced changes of the state of matter. That is often exploited in laser material processing, where the initial absorption e.g. by a metal is weak, but strongly increases once the material is strongly excited (anomalous absorption). In various materials, one may obtain excited-state absorption at wavelengths where the material would normally not be absorbing. In semiconductors, at high intensities one obtains free carrier absorption.

If absorption is caused by some absorbing dopant, the contribution to the absorption per dopant atom or ion is often quantified with an absorption cross-section.

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