Phase differences between light waves can produce visible interference effects.(There are several sections in this book on interference phenomena and light.)

Made up of collagen and proteins, the lens actually has no direct blood or nerve connections. Instead, it relies on the aqueous humor—the clear fluid between the lens and the cornea—to provide it with energy and carry away waste products.

The lens is a clear, curved disk that sits behind the iris and in front of the vitreous of the eye. It is the part of the eye that focuses light and images from the outer world, bending them onto the retina.

The lens works much like a camera lens, bending and focusing light to produce a clear image. The crystalline lens is a convex lens that creates an inverted image focused on the retina. The brain flips the image back to normal to create what you see around you. In a process called accommodation, the elasticity of the crystalline lens allows you to focus on images at far distances and near with minimal disruption.

As you age, the lens may become weaker or damaged. Since the lens changes shape to focus on images near or far, it can grow weaker and may not work as well later in life.

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The lens of the eye is a curved structure located behind the iris. It focuses light that enters the eye and helps you see clearly. Common conditions associated with the lens include presbyopia and cataracts. To maintain healthy eyes, see your eye care professional for a comprehensive eye exam. They can perform a variety of tests to ensure you're seeing your best.

Anatomic variations can exist in the natural lens of the eye. Many different known and unknown congenital diseases can affect the lens in isolation or as part of a syndrome. Most often, these congenital defects present in the form of congenital cataracts or clouding of the crystalline lens.

Although the lens is thought to give the eye the most focusing power, the outermost structure of the eye, called the cornea, provides most of the focusing power. Behind the cornea is the iris, which creates a round aperture called the pupil. This pupil changes in size to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye. The crystalline lens sits just behind the iris.

Ole Rømer (1644–1710) Denmark. "Démonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumière trouvé par M. Roemer de l'Académie des Sciences." Journal des Scavans. 7 December 1676. Rømer's idea was to use the transits of Jupiter's moon Io to determine the time. Not local time, which was already possible, but a "universal" time that would be the same for all observers on the Earth, Knowing the standard time would allow one to determine one's longitude on the Earth — a handy thing to know when navigating the featureless oceans.

The lens is a curved structure in the eye that sits behind the iris. The lens' function is to bend and focus light to help you see images clearly. Because it's flexible and changes shape, it can help you see objects at varying distances.

Light is a transverse, electromagnetic wave that can be seen by the typical human. The wave nature of light was first illustrated through experiments on diffraction and interference. Like all electromagnetic waves, light can travel through a vacuum. The transverse nature of light can be demonstrated through polarization.

As lenses become clouded, a condition called cataracts develops. When this condition becomes severe enough to limit or hinder essential activities of daily living, cataract surgery is performed. In this procedure, a prosthetic lens called an intraocular lens replaces the cloudy natural lens. Your eye healthcare provider will be able to determine if there is a cataract and when cataract surgery may be warranted.

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The lens of your eye will be checked by your healthcare provider during an eye exam. A comprehensive eye exam consists of several different tests that examine the overall health of your eye.

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As you age, your natural lens also ages. Its flexibility is slowly lost, and, over time, the lens also becomes opaque, turning the natural clear lens into a cataract.

A graph of relative intensity vs. frequency is called a spectrum (plural: spectra).Although frequently associated with light, the term can be applied to any wave phenomena.

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Unfortunately, Io did not turn out to be a good clock. Rømer observed that times between eclipses got shorter as Earth approached Jupiter, and longer as Earth moved farther away. He hypothesized that this variation was due to the time it took for light to travel the lesser or greater distance, and estimated that the time for light to travel the diameter of the Earth's orbit, a distance of two astronomical units, was 22 minutes.

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Most congenital cataracts not associated with a syndrome have no identifiable cause, although genetic mutations are a common reason for cataract presentation. Cataracts at birth can present in one eye (unilaterally) or both eyes (bilaterally). Some of the syndromes associated with congenital cataracts include:

The crystalline lens is a clear, biconvex layer of the eye that is made up mostly of proteins. As much as 60% of the lens mass is made up of proteins—a concentration higher than almost any other tissue in the body. Four structures make up the crystalline lens:

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Just notes so far. The speed of light in a vacuum is represented by the letter c from the Latin celeritas — swiftness. Measurements of the speed of light.

The lens thickens and bends to transmit light from the cornea to the retina with the help of ciliary muscles. The ciliary body produces aqueous humor and bends the lens to refract light. The lens is held in place by zonular fibers, or zonules, that extend from the ciliary body.

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The lens grows as you age, weighing about 65 milligrams at birth, 160 milligrams by age 10, and 250 milligrams by age 90.

When the lens loses elasticity, close-up vision is impacted, resulting in presbyopia. This is common for people over age 40. When this happens, people require reading glasses or glasses with bifocals to view images clearly up close.

Congenital cataracts may not be evident for some time, progressing until the lens takes on a cloudy color and the child's sight is impaired. About one-third of congenital cataract cases are hereditary.

Hejtmancik JF, Shiels A. Overview of the lens. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2015;134:119-127. doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.04.006