EUV lithography, with its extremely short wavelengths of about 13.5 nanometers, allows for finer etching of smaller features on chips. For its part, DUV lithography operates at wavelengths starting at 153 nanometers. While chipmakers can use this for designs with sizes as small as 5 nanometers or less, pushing the boundaries of physics, DUV light can only be used for sub-10-nanometer sizes with a loss in resolution quality.

Every few years since then, ASML has delivered the next iteration of its EUV lithography systems with more capacity for production and wavelengths down to 13.5 nanometers. This allows for incredibly precise microchip designs and the densest possible placement of transistors on microchips—in short, it enables faster computer speeds.

The depth of penetration increases with the increasing wavelength of UV light. Therefore UV-A light penetrates deeper than UV-B light which penetrates deeper than UV-C light.

UV light energy is inversely proportional to wavelength, therefore biological and indeed physical and chemical effects change with UV light wavelength across the bands.

Harry J. Levinson, via IOPscience. “High-NA EUV Lithography: Current Status and Outlook for the Future.” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 61, No. SD, April 2022.

Brian Cardineau et al., via ScienceDirect. “Photolithographic Properties of Tin-Oxo Clusters Using Extreme Ultraviolet Light (13.5 nm).” Microelectronic Engineering, Vol. 127, September 2014, Pages 44–50.

UV light

Technology is frequently improving, and the demand for microchips with increasingly dense transistors continues. While EUV lithography is at the limits of the technology, research into technology that could improve upon or replace it continues. Multi-e-beam, X-ray lithography, nanoimprint lithography, and quantum lithography could all overtake EUV lithography in the future.

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ASML’s EUV lithography systems emit light with wavelengths of about 13.5 nanometers, which is significantly shorter than the wavelengths used in the previous generation of DUV lithography, thus enabling finer patterns to be printed on semiconductor wafers​. The most advanced microchips can have nodes as small as 7, 5, and 3 nanometers, which are made by repeatedly passing the semiconductor wafers through the EUV lithography system.

EUV lithography brings many advantages that could lead to future developments in microchip production. Here are two of the reasons why semiconductor companies like Intel are investing so much in the technology:

Artificial sources ofUV light

The International Commission on Illumination (CIE 1970) has defined the following spectral range classification bands, according to broad biological effects. The region 315 nm to 400 nm is designated as UV-A, 280 nm to 315 nm as UV-B and 100 nm to 280 nm as UV-C.

During this time, Moore’s Law—the 1960s dictum that the number of transistors on a microchip would double every two years—started coming up against the physical limits of this process. This meant that the staggering increases in computing power and reduced technology costs for consumers were also in danger of hitting a limit. From the 1980s to the 2000s, deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography drove the next generation of miniaturization, using shorter wavelengths in the range of 153 to 248 nanometers, which allowed for smaller imprints on the silicon wafers of semiconductors.

Many expect DUV lithography to remain popular for years to come. This is in part because of the price of EUV lithography and the technical issues that come with any new technology. In addition, DUV lithograph technology is not stuck in place, continuing to improve how it helps create the chips found in the many electronic devices of our everyday lives.

light sourcein uv-visible spectroscopy

UV light is electromagnetic radiation and is transmitted in the form of waves, which can be described by their wavelength. Wavelength is the length of one complete wave cycle. UV light wavelengths are measured in nanometers (nm), where 1 nm = 1 millionth of a millimetre. It occupies a portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum which lies between x-rays and the blue end of visible light. This is the region from 100 nm to 400 nm.

TJ Porter is a freelance writer with eight years of experience covering finance topics ranging from credit and real estate to stocks, options, ETFs, and mutual funds. His work appears on dozens of well-known finance sites, including Credit Karma.

Though you won’t be able to follow these steps in your garage workshop to make semiconductors, they are important for understanding how the technology involved can be advanced and where potential investment funds might be best placed. First, a high-intensity laser is directed at a material (usually tin) to generate plasma (charged electrons and protons in motion). The plasma then emits the EUV light at a wavelength of about 13.5 nanometers.

Extreme ultraviolet light is used in the production of microchips. EUV lithography prints a pattern on silicon wafers during the manufacturing process.

UV light sourcespectrophotometer

Moore’s Law says that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles about every two years. This means that computers get faster and more capable every two years, with that growth being exponential. The law is named after Gordon E. Moore, a co-founder of Intel. Though it held true for many years, some predict it will end in the 2020s.

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Uv sourcePython

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light technology is a key driver of change in the semiconductor industry. Lithography, the method used for printing intricate patterns onto semiconductor materials, has advanced by using ever shorter wavelengths since the beginning of the semiconductor age. EUV lithography is the shortest yet.

After these steps, the wafer undergoes further processes to remove impurities and get the chip ready to be sliced into individual chips. They are then packaged for use in electronic devices.

EUV light is used in microchip lithography to produce the patterns necessary to create a microchip, though at far smaller sizes than from previous lithographic techniques. However, because of its novelty, only one company—ASML—makes machines that use it, and they are costly. As the technology matures, it should play a central role in future developments in microchip production.

UV light (ultraviolet light), also referred to as ultraviolet radiation and UV radiation is invisible to the human eye. It occurs naturally in sunlight and is produced artificially, normally by either heating a body to an incandescent temperature or by excitation of a gas discharge.

Visiblelight source

In leading up to the new millennium, researchers and competing firms worldwide looked for breakthroughs in making EUV lithography and its even shorter wavelengths possible. ASML completed a prototype in 2003, though it would take another decade to develop a system ready for production.

The history of computers is the history of the semiconductor industry, which in turn is the history of the relentless pursuit of miniaturization. In the sector’s initial phase from the 1950s to mid-’80s, photolithography was done through UV light and photomasks to project circuit patterns onto silicon wafers.

Christopher K. Ober et al., via ScienceDirect. “Recent Developments in Photoresists for Extreme-Ultraviolet Lithography.” Polymer, Vol. 280, July 2023.

The classification band(s) of a UV light source will however broadly indicate its potential to cause biological damage. The level of risk for adverse health effects to the unprotected skin and eyes from UV light exposure is determined by the UV light wavelengths present, UV light irradiance values and an individual’s exposure time.

A UV light source is best defined by its UV light emission spectrum which is the energy distribution as a function of wavelength. An example is provided, where the emission spectrum is shown relative to peak wavelength.

While major purchases of EUV lithography systems have been driving news in the superconductor industry, given the dramatic costs involved and the technological advances it could bring, DUV lithography is still more widely used. It has the advantage of already being in manufacturing facilities with staff trained in its use.

The ICNIRP guidelines take the lower limit of the UV-C region to be 180 nm. This is because UV light below 180 nm is readily attenuated in air, and is therefore of little practical biological significance. UV light below 180 nm is known as vacuum UV (VUV) as for practical purposes it only exists in a vacuum.

The industry is likely in a transition, and while EUV light will play an increasingly more central role in chip manufacturing, DUV lithography is still vital to the production of electronics used in our everyday lives.

EUV lithography systems not only come with the startup costs of newer technologies but also are inherently more expensive than the equipment and maintenance for DUV lithography. For example, EUV lithography systems installed by Intel in 2023 cost $150 million each. This cost makes DUV lithography systems preferred for uses where EUV lithography’s smaller size is unnecessary.

Natural sources ofUV light

Sources ofUV lightat home

However, it must be emphasised that the dividing lines between the UV light classification bands are chosen as convenient distinctions. They do not represent boundaries where sudden, large changes occur in the biological effects of UV light.

In development for decades, the first EUV lithography machine bought in batches and ready for production was from ASML, the Dutch semiconductor company.

The table below summaries the UV light classification bands and broadly speaking their potential to cause adverse health effects.

EUV light refers to the extreme ultraviolet light used for microchip lithography, which involves coating the microchip wafer in a photosensitive material and carefully exposing it to light. This prints a pattern onto the wafer, which is used for further steps in the microchip design process.

DUV lithography is also a known quantity: There is no need for additional training, new facilities, and other major capital investments that EUV light systems require. DUV light technology is still needed for many chips in phones, computers, cars, and robots, and it has proved robust and versatile. Its relatively simpler processes also mean that DUV lithography can produce more chips per unit of time than EUV lithography, an important point in its favor in light of the global demand for semiconductors.

It is worth noting that some photobiologists consider the dividing line between UV-A and UV-B to be 320 nm, because most acute and chronic effects of sunlight exposure on biological systems are believed to occur at wavelengths below 320 nm. In addition, the division between UV-B and UV-C is sometimes re-defined at 290 nm, since this is the approximate lower limit of terrestrial radiation.

The generated light is gathered and directed through a series of mirrors and optics through a mask or reticle as a circuit pattern is placed in the path of the EUV light, in a manner loosely analogous to using a stencil to paint a pattern on a board. A material called photoresist on the wafer is sensitive to EUV light, and the areas exposed to it go through a chemical change and are then etched. New materials may then be deposited in the etched areas to form the various components of the microchip. This process can be repeated up to 100 times with different masks to create multilayered, complex circuits on a single wafer.