Question about Aperture LED vs HMI's comparison - apeture light

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Like the Reflector, uses a concave mirror as its primary objective to focus the incoming light. A corrector plate is placed at the front of the tube; it corrects for primary mirror’s shortcomings. Usually compound telescopes have a shorter tube than comparable reflectors; yet they are more expensive inch-per-inch than ian reflectors.

The light is then reflected back to a smaller, second flat mirror and reflected out of the side of the telescope to the eyepiece and the eye.

The Reflecting Telescope or Reflector uses a concave mirror as the telescope’s Primary Objective, rather than a lens or lenses. The type of reflector depends on other system mirror(s), called the Secondary Mirror.

A Compound or Catadioptric Telescope uses a combination of Refractor and Reflector characteristics. Radio Telescopes are attuned to the radio end of the spectrum; it turns out that many objects produce a radio emission.

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The International Commission on Illumination (CIE 1970) has defined the following spectral range classification bands, according to broad biological effects. The region 315 nm to 400 nm is designated as UV-A, 280 nm to 315 nm as UV-B and 100 nm to 280 nm as UV-C.

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UV light is electromagnetic radiation and is transmitted in the form of waves, which can be described by their wavelength. Wavelength is the length of one complete wave cycle. UV light wavelengths are measured in nanometers (nm), where 1 nm = 1 millionth of a millimetre. It occupies a portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum which lies between x-rays and the blue end of visible light. This is the region from 100 nm to 400 nm.

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The table below summaries the UV light classification bands and broadly speaking their potential to cause adverse health effects.

The light is then reflected back to a smaller, second flat mirror and reflected out of the side of the telescope to the eyepiece and the eye.

The ICNIRP guidelines take the lower limit of the UV-C region to be 180 nm. This is because UV light below 180 nm is readily attenuated in air, and is therefore of little practical biological significance. UV light below 180 nm is known as vacuum UV (VUV) as for practical purposes it only exists in a vacuum.

Specific Wavelength-Sensitive Telescopes are those attuned to specific regions of the spectrum; such as infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), and microwave.

The classification band(s) of a UV light source will however broadly indicate its potential to cause biological damage. The level of risk for adverse health effects to the unprotected skin and eyes from UV light exposure is determined by the UV light wavelengths present, UV light irradiance values and an individual’s exposure time.

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The Newtonian reflector works first by light entering the telescope at the right and traveling to a concave mirror. Graphics of a concave and convex mirror are shown as reference points.

A UV light source is best defined by its UV light emission spectrum which is the energy distribution as a function of wavelength. An example is provided, where the emission spectrum is shown relative to peak wavelength.

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However, it must be emphasised that the dividing lines between the UV light classification bands are chosen as convenient distinctions. They do not represent boundaries where sudden, large changes occur in the biological effects of UV light.

The Newtonian reflector works first by light entering the telescope at the right and traveling to a concave mirror. Graphics of a concave and convex mirror are shown as reference points.

It is worth noting that some photobiologists consider the dividing line between UV-A and UV-B to be 320 nm, because most acute and chronic effects of sunlight exposure on biological systems are believed to occur at wavelengths below 320 nm. In addition, the division between UV-B and UV-C is sometimes re-defined at 290 nm, since this is the approximate lower limit of terrestrial radiation.

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The depth of penetration increases with the increasing wavelength of UV light. Therefore UV-A light penetrates deeper than UV-B light which penetrates deeper than UV-C light.

Gamma-Ray Telescopes are used for detecting the gamma-ray part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum. These can detect very high-energy gamma-rays from radio galaxies, gamma-ray bursts from stars, supernovae events, and Quasars.

UV light energy is inversely proportional to wavelength, therefore biological and indeed physical and chemical effects change with UV light wavelength across the bands.

Light enters the telescope at the right and travels to a concave mirror. The light is then reflected back to a smaller, second convex mirror. The light is then reflected back again out of the back of the telescope to the eyepiece and the eye.

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Reflectors use a concave mirror as its primary objective to focus the incoming light (same optical focusing effect as a convex lens). The mirror is coated on the surface of the glass, called a First Surface Mirror; the coating is usually molecules-thick coating of Aluminum or Silver. Household mirrors are coated on the back of the glass, called a Second Surface Mirror.

UV light (ultraviolet light), also referred to as ultraviolet radiation and UV radiation is invisible to the human eye. It occurs naturally in sunlight and is produced artificially, normally by either heating a body to an incandescent temperature or by excitation of a gas discharge.

The refractor works by two lenses first gathering and directing the light (right); Galileo’s refractor only used one lens. The eyepiece on the left focuses the light for the eye (or camera, spectrometer. etc.)