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An international team of researchers has invented a simple way of creating ultrashort pulses of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light. The system uses a new 3D metallic waveguide, or “nanofunnel”, that coverts pulses of infrared light to EUV.

“The field on the inside of the funnel can become a few hundred times stronger than the field of the incident infrared light,” explains Mark Stockman of GSU. “This enhanced field results in the generation of EUV light in the Xe gas.”

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An important feature of the nanofunnel is that it can be produced at frequencies of up to about 75 MHz. Seung-Woo Kim, team leader at KAIST, where the experiments were carried out, adds: “Due to their short wavelength and potentially short pulse duration, EUV light pulses can be an important tool for exploring electron dynamics in atoms, molecules and solids. Electrons move very fast – on the attosecond timescale – and light flashes that are shorter than attoseconds long are therefore needed to image these particles. Although scientists routinely use attosecond light flashes for such studies, they have much lower frequencies. Our new nanofunnel could change all this.”

Opticalprism

The nanofunnel made by the KAIST-MPQ-GSU team was devised so that it concentrated incident infrared light pulses into a spot that is smaller than the wavelength of the incident light. The funnel is a metallic nanostructure made of silver that contains a hollow hole shaped like a tapered cone. The cone is just a few micrometres long and filled with xenon gas. The tip of the funnel is around 100 nm across.

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A prism is defined as a polyhedron with a triangular base and three rectangular lateral surfaces. It is used as an optical object to study the behaviour of white light when it is passed through it. The light bends at various angles like an angle of incidence, angle of reflection, angle of refraction, and angle of deviation.

Now, researchers at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ) in Germany and Georgia State University (GSU) in the US have come up with a different – and much simpler – way of doing things.

Lightthrough aprism

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2024106 — Light travels down a fiber optic cable by bouncing off the walls of the cable repeatedly. Each light particle (photon) bounces down the pipe ...

Q5. List the factors on which the angle of deviation through a prism depends. Ans: Following are the factors on which the angle of deviation through a prism depends:

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Lightpassing throughprismdiagram

The researchers sent infrared light pulses (at a rate of 75 MHz) into the funnel, which is designed so that it contains patches of metal that are positively charged, followed by patches that are negatively charged. This arrangement produces electromagnetic fluctuations on the inside walls of the funnel, which result in the creation of SPPs. These particles then travel towards the tip, where the conical shape of the funnel concentrates their fields.

prism是什么

Q4. What is the dispersion of light? Ans: The dispersion of light is defined as the phenomenon of splitting white light into its seven constituent colours when it is made to pass through a transparent medium.

Q1. What is refractive index? Ans: Refractive index is defined as the ratio between the sine of the angle of incident ray i in a vacuum to the sine of the angle of refraction r in a given medium. The mathematical representation of the refractive index is given as:

The new technique works by converting femtosecond (10–15 s) infrared pulses into femtosecond EUV pulses. The process exploits surface-plasmon polaritons (SPPs), which are particle-like collective oscillations that occur when light interacts with a metal’s conduction electrons.

Dispersion oflightthroughprism

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A prism is a transparent optical object with two flat surfaces that have an angle between them. When the light enters the prism, there is a bending of light as there is a change in the speed of light. The bending of the light is dependent on the angle of incidence, normal, and refractive indices. There are four different types of angles involved in this experiment, and they are the angle of incidence, angle of emergence, angle of prism and angle of deviation. Below is an experiment to trace the path of a light ray through a glass prism.

Q2. What is the unit of the refractive index? Ans: Refractive index has no unit. This is because it is a ratio between the speed of light in vacuum and in a medium.

However, it is difficult to produce EUV radiation using conventional methods that rely on using amplified light pulses from an oscillator (a source of laser light) to ionize noble gas atoms. The electrons liberated during this process are accelerated in the light field and their surplus energy is freed as attosecond (10–18 s) pulses of light of different wavelengths. The shortest wavelengths of light can then be “filtered out” to produce a single EUV pulse – a complicated process.

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EUV light has a wavelength of around 5–50 nm, which is about 100–10 times shorter than that of visible light. As a result, ultrashort pulses of EUV light are ideal for studying fundamental physics phenomena – such as how electrons move in atoms, molecules and solids.

Q6. What happens to the incident ray when it enters the prism? Ans: When an incident ray enters the prism, it bends towards the normal as it changes its path and gets deviated.