The Watercress Line illuminations took a short break for Christmas, but the colourful train is back in service from Wednesday with an immersive light show set to music.

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Historical gardens, beauty spots, steam railways and even bird conservation charities are among those in the South of England lighting up this winter.

Sunlight and almost every other form of natural and artificial illumination produces light waves whose electric field vectors vibrate in all planes that are perpendicular with respect to the direction of propagation. If the electric field vectors are restricted to a single plane by filtration of the beam with specialized materials, then the light is referred to as plane or linearly polarized with respect to the direction of propagation, and all waves vibrating in a single plane are termed plane parallel or plane-polarized. This tutorial explores the effects of two polarizers having adjustable transmission axes on an incident beam of white light.

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The tutorial initializes with a simulated beam of "white" light, traveling from left to right in the window, incident on two linear polarizers, each of which have their transmission azimuths oriented vertically (represented by Venetian-blind type slits). In order to operate the tutorial, use the Polarizer Angle sliders to adjust the angle of the polarizers with respect to the incident white illumination. The red, green, and blue waves propagating from the left are intended to simulate the light vibrating in all planes perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Polarizer 1 allows only light waves to pass that are vibrating parallel to the polarization direction (the red color is for ease of illustration only and has nothing to do with the wavelength distribution). Polarizer 2 is initially positioned parallel to polarizer 1, and also passes light passed by the first polarizer. When the slider bars are translated, the polarizers are rotated, affecting the passage of light through the virtual polarizing system.

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Illuminations and light trails have become increasingly popular in recent years, adding sparkle to the festive season and the dark winter months.

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At Sir Harold Hillier Gardens, near Romsey in Hampshire, the illuminations have been designed by Hampshire-based Light Up Trails.

The illuminations at Windsor are the work of Christmas Garden, a German enterprise that transforms zoos, parks and gardens into winter landscapes across Europe.

Infrared radiation (IR), sometimes referred to simply as infrared, is a region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum where wavelengths range from about 700 ...

Types of illumination PDF

The polarizers illustrated in Figure 1 are actually filters containing long-chain polymer molecules that are oriented in a single direction. Only the incident light that is vibrating in the same plane as the oriented polymer molecules is absorbed, while light vibrating at right angles to the polymer plane is passed through the first polarizing filter. The polarizing direction of the first polarizer is oriented vertically to the incident beam so it will pass only the waves having vertical electric field vectors. The wave passing through the first polarizer is subsequently blocked by the second polarizer, because this polarizer is oriented horizontally with respect to the electric field vector in the light wave. The concept of using two polarizers oriented at right angles with respect to each other is commonly termed crossed polarization and is fundamental to the concept of polarized light microscopy.

Other features include 15-metre "dancing" fountains, "magical swirl pools" and forest of stylised spiral illuminated trees.

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What is illumination in the Bible

These are just a few of the illuminations in the region and more are due to open in January, including the Blue Pool near Wareham, Dorset, and the Winter Woodland at the Hawk Conservancy Trust in Andover, Hampshire.

The gardens are lit up with millions of LED lights in a series of art installations, many of them interactive, by light artists and exhibitors from around the world.

The 2.7km trail includes heart-shaped arches, glowing tunnels filled with stars and an eight-metre sphere filled with more than 20,000 moving lights.

The human eye lacks the ability to distinguish between randomly oriented and polarized light, and plane-polarized light can only be detected through an intensity or color effect, for example, by reduced glare when wearing polarized sun glasses. In effect, humans cannot differentiate between the high contrast real images observed in a polarized light microscope and identical images of the same specimens captured digitally (or on film), and then projected onto a screen with light that is not polarized. The basic concept of polarized light is illustrated in Figure 1 for a non-polarized beam of light incident on two linear polarizers. Electric field vectors are depicted in the incident light beam as sinusoidal waves vibrating in all directions (360 degrees; although only six waves, spaced at 60-degree intervals, are included in the figure). In reality, the incident light electric field vectors are vibrating perpendicular to the direction of propagation with an equal distribution in all planes before encountering the first polarizer.

The polarized light microscope is designed to observe and photograph specimens that are visible primarily due to their optically anisotropic character. In order to accomplish this task, the microscope must be equipped with both a polarizer, positioned in the light path somewhere before the specimen, and an analyzer (a second polarizer), placed in the optical pathway between the objective rear aperture and the observation tubes or camera port.

Light diffracted, refracted, and transmitted by the specimen converges at the back focal plane of the objective and is then directed through an intermediate tube, which houses another polarizer, often termed the "analyzer". The analyzer is another HN-type neutral linear Polaroid polarizing filter positioned with the direction of light vibration oriented at a 90-degree angle with respect to the polarizer beneath the condenser. By convention, the vibration direction of the polarizer is set to the East-West (abbreviated E-W) position. The same convention dictates that the analyzer is oriented with the vibration direction in the North-South (abbreviated N-S) orientation, at a 90-degree angle to the vibration direction of the polarizer.

Illumination lighting meaning

The James Webb Space Telescope detects near-infrared and mid-infrared wavelengths, the light beyond the red end of the visible spectrum.

Illumination lighting design

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On most microscopes, the polarizer is located either on the light port or in a filter holder directly beneath the condenser. The polarizer can be rotated through a 360-degree angle and locked into a single position by means of a small knurled locking screw, but is generally oriented in an East-West direction by convention. Other microscopes typically have the polarizer attached to the substage condenser assembly housing through a mount that may or may not allow rotation of the polarizer. Some polarizers are held into place with a detent that allows rotation in fixed increments of 45 degrees. Polarizers should be removable from the light path, with a pivot or similar device, to allow maximum brightfield intensity when the microscope is used in this mode.

Matthew J. Parry-Hill and Michael W. Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310.

A light prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract, or bend, light.

The heritage steam railway, which runs from New Alresford to Alton, in Hampshire, is swapping its Christmas music for "pop anthems" for until 6 January.

Flow cells that provide outstanding S/N performance and reduced interfering RI and thermal effects for the Vanquish diode array detector.

Each night, 200 candles are lit in the "fire garden" 200, along with four fire dancing sculptures by designer and pyrotechnician Maria Hingerty.

When the trail ends on 31 December, OT will be gearing up for another Illuminate event at the Blue Pool nature reserve near Wareham, which is now its third year.

OT Event Technicians are back at Abbotsbury Subtropical Gardens on Dorset's Jurassic Coast creating a surreal atmosphere in the 30 acre gardens.