Recently, photographer Rui Li and model Ian Yen took a roll of LomoChrome Color ’92 Sun-kissed 120 film to a quiet village, capturing moments that are simple yet full of life. Let’s dive into his work and see what he captured!

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If our ketone sample is irradiated with infrared light, the carbonyl bond will specifically absorb light with this same frequency, which by equations 4.1 and 4.2 corresponds to a wavelength of 5.83 x 10-6 m and an energy of 4.91 kcal/mol. When the carbonyl bond absorbs this energy, it jumps up to an excited vibrational state.

Our 5.15 x 1013 Hz carbonyl stretching frequency, however, is absorbed by the 2-hexanone sample, and so the detector records that the intensity of this frequency, after having passed through the sample, is something less than 100% of its initial intensity.

Of course you may want to be a maverick and forgo the use of a lightmeter completely by using the “sunny 16” rule. This rule is not the most accurate method of metering, especially in difficult lighting situations, but it’s a great way to train yourself to understand light, and also takes away the need for a lightmeter.

I generally use the meter in my cameras. All three are still accurate. But I also carry an old Gossen Luna Pro handheld as a back-up or for tricky situations. Lastly, I occasionally test myself with the Sunny 16 method by estimating the exposure and then checking it with a meter. A good habit to get into I think, for that inevitable day when batteries die or meter stops working.

What is alightmeter used for

Metering is one of the fundamental aspects of film photography as without an understanding of it you will not be able to achieve the correct exposure in your photos.

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But you may want to make sure you get more accurate results every time you meter a scene. In this case an external light meter may be the way to go. These light meters come in two main types, reflective meters (which measure the amount of light hitting the subject and bouncing back to the meter), and incident meters (which measure the amount of light falling on the subject.)

You will obtain infrared spectra for a number of the compounds you will synthesize in the laboratory component of this course.

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Notice in the figure above that infrared light is lower energy than visible light. The wavelengths of infrared radiation are between 0.8 and 250 μm. The units that are typically used for infrared spectroscopy are wavenumbers (which is cm-1). IR spectroscopy analyzes radiation between 40 to 13,000 cm-1. But what type of excitation is occurring when infrared radiation is absorbed by a molecule?

We hope this has given you plenty to think about and experiment with. Whichever method you choose to use, remember to have fun most importantly and share your results here with our community!

Matrixmetering

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Light meteringapp

Professional light meters by brands like Sekonic or Minolta are lauded by many photographers, but they also come at a hefty price. If you don’t feel like dropping a large lump of money and adding yet another piece of gear to your arsenal, then you can use a mobile app. This is our personal preference as only needing to carry your phone helps to keep things simple.

The value of ΔE - the energy difference between the low energy (ground) and high energy (excited) vibrational states - is equal to 4.91 kcal/mol, the same as the energy associated with the absorbed light frequency. The molecule does not remain in its excited vibrational state for very long, but quickly releases energy to the surrounding environment in form of heat, and returns to the ground state.

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Reflective (or spot) meters are especially good if you don’t want to waste film by bracketing and taking multiple shots. With a reflective meter it’s often a good idea to take multiple readings, from both the highlights and shadows in your scene, and set your camera to get the perfect exposure.

The first question many people have is, what kind of light meter should I use? And the truth is, it doesn’t really matter. You can use your camera’s in-built light meter, a handheld incidence or reflective meter, or a mobile app. Each photographer has their preference but the only important thing is that it does its job of measuring light.

Light meteringcamera

Some kinds of vibrations are infrared inactive. The stretching vibrations of completely symmetrical double and triple bonds, for example, do not result in a change in dipole moment, and therefore do not result in any absorption of light (but other bonds and vibrational modes in these molecules do absorb IR light).

The inverted peaks observed in the spectra correspond to molecular stretching and bending vibrations that only occur at certain quantized frequencies. When infrared radiation matching these frequencies falls on the molecule, the molecule absorbs energy and becomes excited. Eventually the molecule returns to its original (ground) state, and the energy which was absorbed is released as heat.

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Some bonds absorb infrared light more strongly than others, and some bonds do not absorb at all. In order for a vibrational mode to absorb infrared light, it must result in a periodic change in the dipole moment of the molecule. Such vibrations are said to be infrared active. In general, the greater the polarity of the bond, the stronger its IR absorption. The carbonyl bond is very polar, and absorbs very strongly. The carbon-carbon triple bond in most alkynes, in contrast, is much less polar, and thus a stretching vibration does not result in a large change in the overall dipole moment of the molecule. Alkyne groups absorb rather weakly compared to carbonyls.

The other factor to consider when using your camera’s light meter is that it will be giving you an average of the overall light in the scene rather than the part of the scene you actually want to be exposed perfectly. So, for example, if you’re taking a portrait and your subject is backlit against the sun, your camera will tell you to meter for that strong backlight, which if adhered to, would result in your subject being underexposed. You can see this mistake in the images below.

The energy of molecular vibration is quantized rather than continuous, meaning that a molecule can only stretch and bend at certain 'allowed' frequencies. If a molecule is exposed to electromagnetic radiation that matches the frequency of one of its vibrational modes, it will in most cases absorb energy from the radiation and jump to a higher vibrational energy state - what this means is that the amplitude of the vibration will increase, but the vibrational frequency will remain the same. The difference in energy between the two vibrational states is equal to the energy associated with the wavelength of radiation that was absorbed. It turns out that it is the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum which contains frequencies corresponding to the vibrational frequencies of organic bonds.

Even in a less extreme scenario it can sometimes be difficult to tell if your camera's light meter is going to give you the best result. One way to try and make sure you don’t get caught out by this mistake is to bracket your shots. First take the image according to your light meter’s reading, then take another shot one stop overexposed, and another one stop under. This way you’re sure to get at least one perfectly exposed image.

Notice that the scale at the bottom of the infrared spectrum for 2-hexanone shown is calibrated in wavenumbers (cm−1). A wavenumber is the reciprocal of a wavelength (1/λ); thus, a wavenumber of 1600 cm−1 corresponds to a wavelength of

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The vibrations of a 2-hexanone molecule are not, of course, limited to the simple stretching of the carbonyl bond. The various carbon-carbon bonds also stretch and bend, as do the carbon-hydrogen bonds, and all of these vibrational modes also absorb different frequencies of infrared light.

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Of course things can get a little more complicated. For instance you might want to shoot with a shallow depth of field on a sunny day which would be impossible at f.16. This is a situation when it can be a lot easier to rely on an external light meter.

If your camera has an in-built light meter, excellent, you’re good to go. Just keep in mind that light meters in old cameras can sometimes be faulty and inaccurate, so if you’re using your camera’s light meter for the first time, it’s worth double checking the reading with another method as well.

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From here you use the lighting conditions to estimate the correct aperture. On a bright sunny day f.16 is optimum. If there are a few clouds in the sky then move down to f.11. If, like us, you’re currently experiencing Europe in winter, you’re probably going to spend most of your time at a gloomy f.5.6. You get the idea.

Covalent bonds in organic molecules are not rigid sticks – rather, they behave more like springs. At room temperature, organic molecules are always in motion, as their bonds stretch, bend, and twist. These complex vibrations can be broken down mathematically into individual vibrational modes, a few of which are illustrated below.

Put simply, metering is the act of figuring out how much light the scene you’re shooting needs, and then setting your camera’s functions accordingly. You do this by using a light meter.

To follow the sunny 16 rule, the first thing you should do is set your shutter speed to the number that matches closest to your ISO. So if you’re using ISO 400 you should set your shutter speed to 1/500 sec. For ISO 200 it would be 1/250 sec, and ISO 100 would be 1/90 or 1/125 sec. Set it and forget it!

Incident meters are popular because they are good for getting a fast reading of a scene, making them ideal for street photography. Just place the meter next to the subject, pointing at the light source to get a reading.

Let's take 2-hexanone as an example. Picture the carbonyl bond of the ketone group as a spring. This spring is constantly bouncing back and forth, stretching and compressing, pushing the carbon and oxygen atoms further apart and then pulling them together. This is the stretching mode of the carbonyl bond. In the space of one second, the spring 'bounces' back and forth 5.15 x 1013 times - in other words, the ground-state frequency of carbonyl stretching for a the ketone group is about 5.15 x 1013 Hz.

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When using a handheld light meter of any kind you can more easily get close to your subject to make a reading. This way it will give you the correct exposure for the part of the scene that is your focus. As mentioned you can even take multiple readings of different parts of the scene to figure out exactly how you want to meter the photo. External light meters and mobile apps all differ slightly but the standard way of operating them will be something like this: You set the ISO, and choose an f.stop (aperture) you want to use, then your light meter will tell you the correct shutter speed to use.

Center weightedmetering

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Bestlight metering

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Overexposing is essentially pretending you have more light in the scene than you actually do. To overexpose by one stop you can change your shutter speed (e.g from 1/500 to 1/125) or your aperture (e.g from f.5.6 to f.4). But probably the easiest way is to tell your lightmeter to read for the “wrong” ISO (e.g ISO 200 instead of 400.)

There are loads of free or cheap light-meter apps available and most of them do a solid job. Just remember that their accuracy varies depending not only on the app developers but also on your phone’s hardware. A few favorites include, Pocket Light Meter, myLightMeterPro, Lux Light Meter pro, and Lumu Light Meter.

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What is alightmeter on a film camera

@klawe me too, for speed and simplicity, but I still sometimes get confused when adjusting settings for a shallow depth of field!

There are a number of things that need to be explained in order for you to understand what it is that we are looking at. On the horizontal axis we see IR wavelengths expressed in terms of a unit called wavenumber (cm-1), which tells us how many waves fit into one centimeter. On the vertical axis we see ‘% transmittance’, which tells us how strongly light was absorbed at each frequency (100% transmittance means no absorption occurred at that frequency). The solid line traces the values of % transmittance for every wavelength – the ‘peaks’ (which are actually pointing down) show regions of strong absorption. For some reason, it is typical in IR spectroscopy to report wavenumber values rather than wavelength (in meters) or frequency (in Hz). The ‘upside down’ vertical axis, with absorbance peaks pointing down rather than up, is also a curious convention in IR spectroscopy. We wouldn’t want to make things too easy for you!

(a stop in photography refers to increments of light controlled by aperture. So if you’re shooting at an aperture of f.8, one stop above would be f.10, and one stop below is f.5.6)

Keep in mind that you might want to meter differently in different situations, or depending on the “look” you’re going for. In recent years color negative film overexposed to an exaggerated degree has become an especially common and fashionable aesthetic, but you may prefer a more high contrast or grungy look. So experiment with different exposures and see what works for you. It all comes down to personal preference.

In film photography, a good general rule of thumb is to meter for the shadows. This is because negative film handles overexposure much better than underexposure. You’ll make sure to retain information in the shadows and also avoid blown out highlights as well. However if you underexpose you’re much more likely to lose information on your negatives.

Meteringmode

Organic chemists find it more convenient to deal with wavenumbers rather than wavelengths when discussing infrared spectra.

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The power of infrared spectroscopy arises from the observation that different functional groups have different characteristic absorption frequencies. The carbonyl bond in a ketone, as we saw with our 2-hexanone example, typically absorbs in the range of 5.11 - 5.18 x 1013 Hz, depending on the molecule. The carbon-carbon triple bond of an alkyne, on the other hand, absorbs in the range 6.30 - 6.80 x 1013 Hz. The technique is therefore very useful as a means of identifying which functional groups are present in a molecule of interest. If we pass infrared light through an unknown sample and find that it absorbs in the carbonyl frequency range but not in the alkyne range, we can infer that the molecule contains a carbonyl group but not an alkyne.

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12.6: Infrared Spectroscopy is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Steven Farmer, Dietmar Kennepohl, Layne Morsch, Tim Soderberg, William Reusch, & William Reusch.

With an instrument called an infrared spectrophotometer, we can 'see' this vibrational transition. In the spectrophotometer, infrared light with frequencies ranging from about 1013 to 1014 Hz is passed though our sample of cyclohexane. Most frequencies pass right through the sample and are recorded by a detector on the other side.

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