Polarization oflightnotes PDF

The polarized light you see in puddles of water or mirage, when driving on the highway, is a reflection from the sun which is why it's so bright. It's brighter than the rest of the light because it gets reflected off more reflective surfaces (puddles of water vs asphalt). The fact that it's polarized is merely a coincidence. Many displays (like the ones on LCD clock, for example) project polarized light which is much dimmer than the sun's reflection. It's the source of the light that makes the it bright, not the nature of the polarization.

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What is polarizing lightin physics

The other questions are quit unclear. The electric field component is always directed perpendicular to the direction of propagation - in vacuum. The surface of some media - as well as the above described polarizers - turn the equally distributed electric field component into specific directions. That is why we observe it. We are using a natural phenomena.

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Circularly polarizedlight

It is easy to prove this statement. Take two polarizer under 90° to each over and no light is going through. The polarized light behind the first polarizer can’t go through the second polarizer. Now place a third polarizer between the others under 45°. You will see (polarized) light behind this setup. To realize what happens, try to find another explanation for how polarized light goes through the setup of these three polarizers.

Polarization by reflection

Firstly, does this mean that the energy of the electric fields (which were previously in different planes) culminate into the single plane, and thus that plane now possesses much more energy?

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Everyone enjoys the spectacle of a rainbow glimmering against a dark stormy sky. How does sunlight falling on clear drops of rain get broken into the rainbow of colors we see? The same process causes white light to be broken into colors by a clear glass prism or a diamond. (See Figure 1.)

"The principle behind Brewster's angle is illustrated Figure 3 for a single ray of light reflecting from the flat surface of a transparent medium having a higher refractive index than air. The incident ray is drawn with only two electric vector vibration planes, but is intended to represent light having vibrations in all planes perpendicular to the direction of propagation. When the beam arrives on the surface at a critical angle (Brewster's angle; represented by the variable θ in Figure 3), the polarization degree of the reflected beam is 100 percent, with the orientation of the electric vectors lying perpendicular to the plane of incidence and parallel to the reflecting surface. The incidence plane is defined by the incident, refracted, and reflected waves. The refracted ray is oriented at a 90-degree angle from the reflected ray and is only partially polarized."

We see about six colors in a rainbow—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet; sometimes indigo is listed, too. Those colors are associated with different wavelengths of light, as shown in Figure 2. When our eye receives pure-wavelength light, we tend to see only one of the six colors, depending on wavelength. The thousands of other hues we can sense in other situations are our eye’s response to various mixtures of wavelengths. White light, in particular, is a fairly uniform mixture of all visible wavelengths. Sunlight, considered to be white, actually appears to be a bit yellow because of its mixture of wavelengths, but it does contain all visible wavelengths. The sequence of colors in rainbows is the same sequence as the colors plotted versus wavelength in Figure 2. What this implies is that white light is spread out according to wavelength in a rainbow. Dispersion is defined as the spreading of white light into its full spectrum of wavelengths. More technically, dispersion occurs whenever there is a process that changes the direction of light in a manner that depends on wavelength. Dispersion, as a general phenomenon, can occur for any type of wave and always involves wavelength-dependent processes.

Any type of wave can exhibit dispersion. Sound waves, all types of electromagnetic waves, and water waves can be dispersed according to wavelength. Dispersion occurs whenever the speed of propagation depends on wavelength, thus separating and spreading out various wavelengths. Dispersion may require special circumstances and can result in spectacular displays such as in the production of a rainbow. This is also true for sound, since all frequencies ordinarily travel at the same speed. If you listen to sound through a long tube, such as a vacuum cleaner hose, you can easily hear it is dispersed by interaction with the tube. Dispersion, in fact, can reveal a great deal about what the wave has encountered that disperses its wavelengths. The dispersion of electromagnetic radiation from outer space, for example, has revealed much about what exists between the stars—the so-called empty space.

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Polarized and unpolarizedlight

5: A parallel beam of light containing orange (610 nm) and violet (410 nm) wavelengths goes from fused quartz to water, striking the surface between them at a 60.0o incident angle. What is the angle between the two colours in water?

Refraction is responsible for dispersion in rainbows and many other situations. The angle of refraction depends on the index of refraction, as we saw in Chapter 25.3 The Law of Refraction. We know that the index of refraction n depends on the medium. But for a given medium, n also depends on wavelength. (See Table 2. Note that, for a given medium, n increases as wavelength decreases and is greatest for violet light. Thus violet light is bent more than red light, as shown for a prism in Figure 3(b), and the light is dispersed into the same sequence of wavelengths as seen in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

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What ispolarization

4: (a) A narrow beam of light containing yellow (580 nm) and green (550 nm) wavelengths goes from polystyrene to air, striking the surface at a 30.0o incident angle. What is the angle between the colours when they emerge? (b) How far would they have to travel to be separated by 1.00 mm?

Firstly, does this mean that the energy of the electric fields (which were previously in different planes) culminate into the single plane, and thus that plane now possesses much more energy?

6: A ray of 610 nm light goes from air into fused quartz at an incident angle of 55.0o. At what incident angle must 470 nm light enter flint glass to have the same angle of refraction?

I'm trying to learn about the physics of polarisation, which feels like an uphill battle. I've just read the notes from this page:

What does this all mean for brightness? When driving down the highway, why is the polarised light perceived so brightly? Wouldn't unpolarised reflected light have the same or more energy/intensity?

Rainbows are produced by a combination of refraction and reflection. You may have noticed that you see a rainbow only when you look away from the sun. Light enters a drop of water and is reflected from the back of the drop, as shown in Figure 4. The light is refracted both as it enters and as it leaves the drop. Since the index of refraction of water varies with wavelength, the light is dispersed, and a rainbow is observed, as shown in Figure 5 (a). (There is no dispersion caused by reflection at the back surface, since the law of reflection does not depend on wavelength.) The actual rainbow of colors seen by an observer depends on the myriad of rays being refracted and reflected toward the observer’s eyes from numerous drops of water. The effect is most spectacular when the background is dark, as in stormy weather, but can also be observed in waterfalls and lawn sprinklers. The arc of a rainbow comes from the need to be looking at a specific angle relative to the direction of the sun, as illustrated in Figure 5 (b). (If there are two reflections of light within the water drop, another “secondary” rainbow is produced. This rare event produces an arc that lies above the primary rainbow arc—see Figure 5 (c).)

Plane polarizedlight

Secondly, how can the orientation of [polarised] electric vectors come to lay perpendicular to the plane of incidence and parallel to the reflecting surface? If electric fields oscillate perpendicular to the direction of propagation, how can they be parallel to the reflecting surface after their reflection?

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For polarized light the electric field component is aligned in on plain now. But this is not relevant for our seeing. Since we haven’t polarizers in our eyes, we don’t see any differences in polarized and unpolarized light. But the intensity of the light has approx. half the value of the unpolarized light. Since our eyes adopt themselves to different brightnesses, you has to use a photodiode or better a camera to measure the different brightnesses.

Polarization examples

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The Brewster's angle boils down to the angle at which all light from the (polarized) incident ray is refracted, and none is reflected. So, to your first point, no, the refracted ray doe not gain energy as it gets refracted.

2: A beam of white light goes from air into water at an incident angle of 75.0 degrees. At what angles are the red (660 nm) and violet (410 nm) parts of the light refracted?

8: A narrow beam of white light enters a prism made of crown glass at a 45.0o incident angle, as shown below in Figure 7. At what angles, θRed and θViolet do the red (660 nm) and violet (410 nm) components of the light emerge from the prism?

Douglas College Physics 1207 Copyright © August 22, 2016 by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

Dispersion may produce beautiful rainbows, but it can cause problems in optical systems. White light used to transmit messages in a fiber is dispersed, spreading out in time and eventually overlapping with other messages. Since a laser produces a nearly pure wavelength, its light experiences little dispersion, an advantage over white light for transmission of information. In contrast, dispersion of electromagnetic waves coming to us from outer space can be used to determine the amount of matter they pass through. As with many phenomena, dispersion can be useful or a nuisance, depending on the situation and our human goals.

7: A narrow beam of light containing red (660 nm) and blue (470 nm) wavelengths travels from air through a 1.00 cm thick flat piece of crown glass and back to air again. The beam strikes at a 30.0o incident angle. (a) At what angles do the two colours emerge? (b) By what distance are the red and blue separated when they emerge?

1: (a) What is the ratio of the speed of red light to violet light in diamond, based on Table 2? (b) What is this ratio in polystyrene? (c) Which is more dispersive?

To your second point on orientation of the electric vectors, this illustration should help (a picture is worth 1000 words):

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White light has all the colors in it, and when objects appear white, it is because all the visible light in the spectrum is reflected off the object.

How does a lens form an image? See how light rays are refracted by a lens. Watch how the image changes when you adjust the focal length of the lens, move the object, move the lens, or move the screen.

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