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filter: (n.) Something that allows some materials to pass through but not others, based on their size or some other feature. (v.) The process of screening some things out on the basis of traits such as size, density, electric charge. (in physics) A screen, plate or layer of a substance that absorbs light or other radiation or selectively prevents the transmission of some of its components.

Light sources from lamps to stars typically give off light waves that wiggle at a range of different angles. This jumble of waves is known as unpolarized light. Polarized light, on the other hand, is unjumbled: its waves all wiggle the same way, at the same angle. (For help picturing this, check out the artist’s depictions at 1:30 in this PBS video.)

Maria Temming is the Assistant Managing Editor at Science News Explores. She has bachelor's degrees in physics and English, and a master's in science writing.

Optogenetics ApplicationsOur fiber-coupled LEDs are ideal light sources for optogenetics applications. They feature a variety of wavelength choices and a convenient interconnection to optogenetics patch cables. Additionally, up to four different light sources can be driven and modulated simultaneously with our DC4100 controller and DC4100-HUB hub. Click here for our entire line of optogenetics products.

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White Light and Broadband LEDOur cold white and warm white LEDs feature broad spectra that span several hundred nanometers. The difference in perceived color between these two LEDs can be described using the correlated color temperature, which indicates that the LED's color appearance is similar to a black body radiator at that temperature. In general, warm white LEDs offer a spectrum similar to a tungsten source, while cold white LEDs have a stronger blue component to the spectrum. Cold white LEDs are more suited for fluorescence microscopy applications or cameras with white balancing, because of a higher intensity at most wavelengths compared to warm white LEDs.

This tab includes all LEDs sold by Thorlabs. Click on More [+] to view all available wavelengths for each type of LED pictured below.

Founded in 2003, Science News Explores is a free, award-winning online publication dedicated to providing age-appropriate science news to learners, parents and educators. The publication, as well as Science News magazine, are published by the Society for Science, a nonprofit 501(c)(3) membership organization dedicated to public engagement in scientific research and education.

All LEDs will show some variation in their spectral profile and peak wavelength as a function of the drive current. For our fiber-coupled LEDs, we used an Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA) to track this wavelength shift as the current of the LED was increased from near zero to the maximum current.

For applications where a hybrid patch cable is not practical, we can configure these fiber-coupled LEDs with FC/PC bulkheads; contact Tech Support for details.

One characteristic of LEDs is that they naturally exhibit power degradation with time. Often this power degradation is slow, but there are also instances where large, rapid drops in power, or even complete LED failure, occur. LED lifetimes are defined as the time it takes a specified percentage of a type of LED to fall below some power level. The parameters for the lifetime measurement can be written using the notation BXX/LYY, where XX is the percentage of that type of LED that will provide less than YY percent of the specified output power after the lifetime has elapsed. Thorlabs defines the lifetime of our LEDs as B50/L50, meaning that 50% of the LEDs with a given Item # will fall below 50% of the initial optical power at the end of the specified lifetime. For example, if a batch of 100 LEDs is rated for 150 mW of output power, 50 of these LEDs can be expected to produce an output power of ≤75 mW after the specified LED lifetime has elapsed.

glare: Also called direct glare, it is light that travels directly from a light source and into someone’s eyes. It reduces the ability to see at night. Direct glare is one of three types of light pollution.

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Driver OptionsThorlabs offers six drivers compatible with some or all of these LEDs: LEDD1B, UPLED, DC40, DC2200, DC4100, and DC4104 (the latter two require the DC4100-HUB). See the LED Drivers tab for a list of specifications, and the Specs tab for driver compatibility information. The UPLED, DC40, DC2200, DC4100, and DC4104 drivers are capable of reading the current limit from the EEPROM chip of the connected LED and automatically adjusting the maximum current setting to protect the LED.

LEDs have relatively broad, asymmetric emission profiles. The centroid wavelength of an LED is a weighted average of the wavelength across the emission profile (following a similar concept to center of mass calculations). It is defined as

R Paschotta · 2 — A light beam is linearly polarized, which means that the electric field oscillates in a certain linear direction perpendicular to the beam axis.

Light can become polarized when reflecting off flat surfaces like puddles and pavement. Polarized sunglasses can then specifically block out those polarized light waves, reducing the glare that reaches a driver’s eyes.

For each LED, a DC2200 High-Power LED Driver was used to drive the LED over a range of preset current values. At each current value, the OSA took five scans across the LED spectrum and combined them to create an average spectrum. The OSA identified the peak wavelength by finding the highest intensity value within 50 nm of the predicted peak wavelength and then calculated a centroid wavelength as described above. Centroid wavelengths were identified every 0.05 A up to the current limit of the LED. The entire process was repeated four times for each LED. All measurements were taken with the OSA in the absolute power and high-resolution spectrometer modes (for more information on the OSA operating modes, see the full web presentation).

refraction: The change in direction of light (or any other wave) as it passes through some material. For example, the path of light leaving water and entering air will bend, making partially submerged objects to appear to bend at the water’s surface.

Each fiber-coupled LED consists of a single LED that is coupled to the optical fiber using the butt-coupling technique. During this process, the fiber connector is positioned so that the end of the fiber will be as close as possible to the emitter, thereby minimizing losses at the fiber input and maximizing output power. The coupling efficiency is primarily dependent on the core diameter and the numerical aperture (NA) of the connected fiber. Larger core diameters and higher NA values give rise to reduced losses and increased output power at the end of the fiber. Additionally, high-OH content or solarization-resistant fibers are recommended for use with LED wavelengths below 400 nm (please refer to the table below for recommended patch cables).

Light is made up of waves. They wiggle as they zip through space. They can wiggle up and down, left and right, and any angle in between. Light is polarized when its waves all wiggle at the same angle.

The spectrum of each LED and associated data file can be viewed by clicking on the links in the table to the right. Multiple windows can be opened simultaneously in order to compare LEDs.

Optimized Thermal ManagementThese fiber-coupled LEDs possess good thermal stability properties. The 34 mm long, passively cooled heat sink used in most of our fiber-coupled LEDs is in direct contact with the metal-core circuit board on which the LED is mounted. This minimizes the degradation of optical output power caused by increased LED junction temperature. Some of our fiber-coupled LEDs with a higher power output (M365FP1, M385FP1, M395FP1, M405FP1, and M660FP1) are mounted to a 50 mm long heat sink for increased heat dissipation and thermal stability.

angle: The space (usually measured in degrees) between two intersecting lines or surfaces at or close to the point where they meet.

Without tools like sunglasses, humans typically can’t detect the polarization of light. But other animals can. Examples include mantis shrimp, fiddler craps and some beetles, birds and fish.

The CON8ML-4 connector can be used to mate mounted LEDs featured on this page to user-supplied power supplies. We also offer a male 4-Pin M8 connector cable (item # CAB-LEDD1).

Sunlight reflecting off water, for instance, can become polarized. The incoming light waves from the sun wiggle all different ways. But the light waves that bounce off the surface of the water are all mostly wiggling at the same angle. Pavement is another surface that can polarize reflected light.

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Pin ConnectionThe diagram to the right shows the male connector of the fiber-coupled LED assembly. It is a standard M8 x 1 sensor circular connector. Pins 1 and 2 are the connection to the LED. Pins 3 and 4 are used for the internal EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) in these LEDs. If using an LED driver that was not purchased from Thorlabs, be careful that the appropriate connections are made to Pin 1 and Pin 2 and that you do not attempt to drive the LED through the EEPROM pins.

mantis shrimp: A marine animal related to crabs and lobsters. Mantis shrimp use armlike body parts to kill prey. They are often multicolored and have a very complex vision system.

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To fully support the maximum optical power of the LED you intend to drive, ensure that the max voltage and max current of the driver are equal to or greater than those of the LED.

The thermal dissipation performance of these fiber-coupled LEDs has been optimized for stable power output. The heat sink is directly mounted to the LED mount so as to provide optimal thermal contact. By doing so, the degradation of optical output power that can be attributed to increased LED junction temperature is minimized.

The MBB1F1 fiber-coupled LED has been designed to have relatively flat spectral emission over a wide wavelength range. Its FWHM bandwidth ranges from 500 nm to 780 nm, while the 10 dB bandwidth ranges between 470 nm and 850 nm. For more information on the spectrum of this broadband source, please see the table to the right.

Light can become polarized when it bounces off of a surface. The amount that it is polarized depends on the angle at which the light hits the surface. It also depends on what the surface is made of.

where I(λ) is the intensity at each wavelength, λ. As a result, we chose to follow each LED's centroid wavelength as the current was varied in order to capture effects of both the peak wavelength shift and any changes to the overall spectral profile. The OSA's Peak Track mode will automatically calculate the centroid wavelength of a spectral peak, using a user-set lower intensity limit to determine the upper and lower limits (λ2 and λ1) of the wavelength range included in the calculation. In our case, we set the lower limit to 6 dB below the peak intensity.

... light generator, fibre type, fibre length and number of tails – and instantly get the corresponding lux values, beam angle and beam diameter. Registered ...

Another way to polarize light is to pass it through a filter. Such filters are made up of molecules that are all aligned the same way. This allows only light waves wiggling at specific angles to pass through. For example, some sunglasses contain polarizing filters. These glasses help reduce the amount of reflected light — or glare — that reaches a wearer’s eyes. That can block out glare from roadways or puddles to help protect drivers’ eyes and allow them to see more clearly.

molecule: An electrically neutral group of atoms that represents the smallest possible amount of a chemical compound. Molecules can be made of single types of atoms or of different types. For example, the oxygen in the air is made of two oxygen atoms (O2), but water is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H2O).

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Please note that the connectors on these fiber-coupled LEDs are intended for SMA connectors only. To prevent mechanical damage to the LED, the ferrule length of the attached connector must not exceed the maximum length for SMA connectors of 9.812 mm as defined by the EN61754-22:2005 standard.

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Patch Cable OptionsThese LEDs are compatible with many of our multimode fiber patch cables; see below for a list of recommended fiber patch cables for different wavelength LEDs. In addition to SMA-terminated patch cables, we also offer hybrid patch cables with an SMA connector on one end and an FC/PC connector, ferrule end, or bare fiber on the other end. Cable configurations not available from stock can be requested through our custom patch cable tool.

The results of these measurements are provided in the table below and can be viewed by clicking on the graph icons. For each LED, the centroid wavelengths over all of the runs were averaged for each current point and plotted. To give a sense of possible variation in performance, the minimum and maximum wavelengths measured at each current point over all of the experimental runs are indicated by red error bars. At the lowest current values, the LED intensity was too weak to rise above the level of the noise and provide a reasonably accurate measurement of the wavelength. In these cases, we have omitted the affected currents from the graphs.

polarization: (in physics) The condition — or creation of a condition — in which rays of wavelengths of light exhibit different properties when viewed from different directions.

beetle: An order of insects known as Coleoptera, containing at least 350,000 different species. Adults tend to have hard and/or horn-like “forewings” which covers the wings used for flight.

These fiber-coupled LEDs each consist of an LED mounted to a heat sink with an SMA fiber bulkhead. They can be easily integrated into an optical setup using one of our SMA-terminated multimode fiber patch cables. When the patch cable is connected to the SMA bulkhead on the LED housing, the LED will be butt-coupled to the SMA fiber connector. Hybrid patch cables can be used to transition from an SMA connector to an FC/PC connector, ferrule end, or bare fiber. For compatible drivers to power these LEDs, please see the LED Drivers tab. Please note that the minimum output powers specified below apply when the LED is used with a Ø400 µm core multimode fiber patch cable.

Light can also become polarized as it passes from one type of material into another. This is a process called refraction. And light can become polarized when it bounces, or scatters off atoms as it passes through a substance. This happens to moonlight and sunlight that travels through Earth’s atmosphere.