DX Format Digital Camera 23.7mm x 15.5mm; a subject 23.7mm wide will result in an image 23.7mm wide on the image sensor.

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We can see the marks on the scale from 230mm to 247mm; a distance of 17mm.  In this case the reproduction ratio is 17 / 17 = 1:1.  You may also see that getting closer means it is more difficult to light the subject.

FX Format Digital Camera or 35mm Film Camera 24mm x 35mm; a subject 35 mm wide will result in an image 35mm wide on the film (or sensor).

It is the relationship of reproduction ratio to sensor pixels that will determine the maximum possible resolution of an image (for the purposes of this article, we will not be interested in interpolation, aliasing, etc.).  The Panasonic GF2 uses a 12 megapixel sensor.  It is arranged with 4,000 pixels horizontally and 3,000 pixels vertically.   Knowing that the sensor width is 17.3 mm, we can calculate the size of each pixel.  17.3mm / 4,000 = 0.004325 mm, which is equal to 4.325mm.  That is 0.0000043 meter (or 0.0002.1 inch).

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Cameramagnification formula

When photographers refer to reproduction ratio, neither the size of the camera display, nor the computer screen, nor the size of the print, is considered.  Reproduction ratio, by itself, will tell you nothing about image resolution; a 4:1 reproduction ratio with a 36 megapixel sensor will not have the same resolution as a 1:1 reproduction ratio image on a 10 megapixel sensor.

Electronic Viewfinder Interchangeable Lens cameras (EVIL) are gaining popular acceptance in the world of underwater photography.  Manufacturers are responding to the new popularity with new lenses, housings, domes, and other accessories.  In this article we will investigate the macro-photography capability of a micro-four-thirds camera.

Magnificationratioformula

Perfect as a general walk-around lens for travel or day-to-day shooting, the Sony PZ 18-105 mm f/4 G OSS Lens is a suitable addition for both photographers and filmmakers.

Camera lensfocal length vs magnification

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The constant f/4 maximum aperture is constructed from 7 rounded aperture blades ensuring pleasing out-of-focus effects. Its constant f/4 performance also provides improved exposure control, specifically in low-light conditions at the longer end of the focal range.

If you know the focal length of the lens and the physical size of the camera sensor (or film), can you calculate reproduction ratio?  No!  You also need to know the distance from the lens to the subject being photographed.

Maximum magnificationcamera lens

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Built-in Power Zoom technology is excellent for video shooters, offering smooth and step-less zooming for camcorder style shooting results. The zoom lever on the lens barrel is easy to use and features both fixed and variable speed settings, allowing you to tailor the functionality to your specific shooting requirements.

Its suitability in low-light is improved thanks to the Optical SteadyShot Image Stabilisation. Effectively minimising camera shake at slower shutter speeds ensures high detail, razor sharp images across all focal lengths.

The Sony 18-105mm f/4 G OSS Power Zoom lens is designed for Sony E-Mount APS-C cameras. The first E-Mount lens to earn the high quality G Series designation, this lens combines built-in Optical Image Stabilisation (OIS) with a Power Zoom technology from the Sony Handycam camcorder range.

You might think that a 14-42mm lens, when zoomed to 42mm will be "almost as good" as a 45mm lens.  Is this true?  Definitely "maybe".  A very important factor which we have not yet discussed is minimum focus distance.  Why? Because the distance from the lens to the subject will determine the size of the image of that subject.  Therefore, simply moving closer to the subject, will get your reproduction ratio closer to 1:1.  So it is possible that two lenses with the same focal length could have different reproduction ratios.

For these tests we compared the Olympus M.Zuiko 14-42mm lens to the Leica 45mm lens.  Each lens was also tested with the Subsee +10 diopter.  The camera was a Panasonic GH-2 in a Nauticam NA-GH2 underwater housing.  The camera was handheld in a utility sink filled with potable water.

Camera lensnumbers Explained

For the next test we flipped the Reefnet Subsee +10 diopter into position, and again, moved the camera as close as we could get focus lock.  The resulting image is shown below.  In this image we see from 233.5mm through 268.5mm on the scale, which tells us that a 35mm wide subject will fill the 17.3mm wide sensor.  In the 35mm film world, this would be called a 1:1 reproduction ratio.  To get the true reproduction ratio we calculate the 17.3 / 35=  1 : 2.

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Lensmagnification Chart

First, let's see how the Olympus 14-42mm lens does.  Looking at the shot below, we see that the frame is filled by the marks on the scale at 226mm through 305mm.  The size of the subject appearing on the 17.3mm wide sensor is 79mm wide (8+7/8 inch through 12 inch = 3+1/8 inch wide).  The reproduction ratio is then calculated as 17.3 / 79 = 1 : 4.6

Reproduction ratio is a method of comparing apples to apples amongst differing camera formats.  It is defined as the ratio of the size of the subject photographed to the size of the image of that is projected onto the image sensor (or film).

What do all these different camera formats have in common when using a 1:1 reproduction ratio?  A 10 mm subject will make a 10 mm image on the film, or the digital sensor, regardless of the film or sensor size, regardless of the focal length of the lens!  Cropping the image does not change the reproduction ratio.

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Camera lensmagnification calculator

In the cropped "1:1" photograph we see that chromatic abberation is more obvious (it should be, we 'magnified' the image 20x larger [4.6 times in each direction]).  Also when you compare this image to the uncropped photograph, it seems as if most of the dust on the ruler has somehow disappeared in the cropped image.  The reproduction ratio was not good enough to make an image of the dust.

Its versatile 35mm equivalent focal range of 27-157.5mm ensures suitability with a broad range of photographic scenarios. Great as an everyday lens, it allows you to capture everything from wide-angle landscapes to candid street photos or up-close portraits.

To speed up these tests, we installed the Reefnet SubSee +10 diopter onto a Saga Dive Flip Lens Holder for 67mm lenses.  Using the Saga Dive Flip Holder we can change the diopter in and out in less than a second.

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Internally the lens features two Extra-low Dispersion (ED) elements and three aspherical elements for impressive image quality with minimal distortion and aberration throughout the zoom range. Overall it delivers vivid, detail rich images and accurate colour representation when shooting both photo and video. The included lens hood further improves image clarity and contrast.

Camera lensmagnification

Reproduction ratio is a statement of information that tells you about the optical system, from the subject you photograph, through all lenses, to the image sensor or film.

Computers and some really nice software make it very easy to crop your photos.  So why spend the money on a good macro lens when you can just crop the photo?  Here is the same 1 : 4.6 photo we showed above, but cropped to show only 17mm across, to fool ourselves that this could be a 1 : 1 photograph.