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Unpolarized light of intensity \(I_{0}\) is incident on a polarizer. Calculate, in terms of \(I_{0}\), the intensity of light transmitted through the polarizer.

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An earthquake creates waves that travel in the earth's crust; these can be detected by seismic stations. Explain why three seismic stations must be used to determine the position of the earthquake. Describe two differences in the signals recorded by three seismic stations, assuming they are at different distances from the centre of the earthquake.

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(a) Explain, in the context of wave motion, what you understand by the term displacement. (b) Using your answer in (a), explain the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves. (c) A rock thrown onto the still surface of a pond creates circular ripples moving away from the point of impact. Why is more than one ripple created? (d) Why does the amplitude decrease as the ripple moves away from the centre?

Light is incident on two analysers whose transmission axes are at right angles to each other. No light gets transmitted. Determine whether it can be deduced if the incident light is polarized or not.

Assume that the pupil of the human eye has a diameter of \(4.0 \mathrm{mm}\) and receives light of wavelength \(5.0 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{m}\). (a) Calculate the smallest angular separation that can be resolved by the eye at this wavelength. (b) What is the least distance between features on the moon (a distance of \(3.8 \times 10^{11} \mathrm{m}\) away that can be resolved?