The spectral range refers to the continuous distribution of light of different wavelengths. Based on wavelength, the spectral range can be further divided into the following regions:

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A dissecting microscope is used to view three-dimensional objects and larger specimens, with a maximum magnification of 100x. This type of microscope might be used to study external features on an object or to examine structures not easily mounted onto flat slides.

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Infrared light

Visible light refers to the light that can be directly perceived by the human eye, with wavelengths ranging from approximately 400 to 760 nanometers (nm). Based on wavelength, visible light can be divided into the following categories:

Near-infraredwavelength

Invisible light refers to light that cannot be directly perceived by the human eye and includes ultraviolet light, infrared light, X-rays, and gamma rays.

Both microscopes have similar features. Each microscope has an eyepiece as well as a light source. Light microscopes usually have eyepieces that are magnified 10x plus multiple objective lenses that are magnified between 4x and 100x (SF Fig. 2.2 A). The total magnification is calculated by multiplying the eyepiece magnification (10x) by the objective lens magnification (e.g., 40x), for a total magnification would be 400x. On a light microscope, a sample is placed on a glass slide and light is passed through the sample from underneath the stage. This type of microscope shows great detail of small, thin objects. To view thicker objects, the tissue sample must be thinly sliced and prepared on a glass slide in two-dimensions. With a dissecting microscope whole objects can be viewed in three dimensions. Samples do not need to be sliced, and larger, live animals can be observed. Light can be passed through from underneath the sample, but also from the top or side using an external light source. However, the magnification power of the dissecting microscope is less powerful than that of a light microscope.

Exploring Our Fluid Earth, a product of the Curriculum Research & Development Group (CRDG), College of Education. © University of Hawai‘i, . This document may be freely reproduced and distributed for non-profit educational purposes.

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SF Fig. 2.2. (A) Light microscope Image courtesy of GcG modified by Rozzychan, Wikimedia Commons SF Fig. 2.2. (B) Dissecting microscope Image courtesy of GcG, Wikimedia Commons

A light microscope is used to visualize objects flattened onto glass slides in great detail. It typically has a magnification power of up to 1000x. A light microscope might be used when examining individual cells within living tissue.

Ultraviolet Region: Wavelength range 10–380 nm, including the vacuum ultraviolet, far ultraviolet, and near ultraviolet regions.

X-rays and Gamma Rays: These have even shorter wavelengths and very high penetrating power. They are important in medical imaging, material analysis, and security inspection.

Jinsp SR50R17: A compact, cost-effective near-infrared spectrometer for the 900–1700 nm range. It features gold-coated internal mirror surfaces for high near-infrared reflection efficiency and uses a non-cooled InGaAs sensor for high sensitivity and resolution.

Infrared wavelength

Microscopes are useful tools for visualizing small structures in great detail. There are two common types of microscopes used in laboratories when studying algae: the compound light microscope (commonly known as a light microscope) and the stereo microscope (commonly known as a dissecting microscope).

SF Fig. 2.2. (C) Filaments of the freshwater green alga Spirogyra sp. viewed under a light microscope with 300x magnification

Infrared Light: Wavelength range 780 nm to 1 mm, divided into near-infrared, mid-infrared, and far-infrared regions. Infrared light is widely used in thermal imaging, infrared photography, remote sensing, and security surveillance.

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Jinsp SR50C General-Purpose Fiber Optic Spectrometer: This spectrometer can measure reflection, transmission, and absorption spectra in the 200–1100 nm range. By replacing gratings with different line densities, it can achieve high-resolution spectral detection in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared bands.

Ultraviolet Light: Wavelength range 10–400 nm, divided into UVA, UVB, and UVC regions. Ultraviolet light is mainly present in sunlight and is widely used in sterilization, fluorescence detection, and other fields.

Light is an electromagnetic wave that can propagate in a vacuum as well as in other media. Light exhibits wave-particle duality, meaning it can be viewed both as a wave and as particles (photons). The speed of light in a vacuum is constant at approximately 299,792,458 meters per second, commonly referred to as the speed of light.